| | Blood: Education for stem cells
Haematopoietic stem cells give rise to all lineages of blood cell, and their production in vitro has been a long-sought goal of stem-cell biology. Two groups now achieve this feat through different means. | Plant biology: An immunity boost combats crop disease
Plants precisely express some immune regulators by controlling the translation of messenger RNA into protein. This insight enabled a disease-resistant rice to be engineered without compromised productivity. | Conversion of adult endothelium to immunocompetent haematopoietic stem cells
The authors reprogram in vitro endothelial cells from adult mice into engraftable haematopoietic stem cells that display single-cell and multilineage properties, are capable of long-term self-renewal and can reconstitute T cell adaptive immune function. | Structure of the full-length glucagon class B G-protein-coupled receptor
The crystal structure of the full-length human glucagon receptor reveals the essential role of the 12-residue ‘stalk’ segment and an extracellular loop in the regulation of ligand binding and receptor activation. | Chromatin states define tumour-specific T cell dysfunction and reprogramming
Epigenetic programming of T cells in solid tumours from a functional to a dysfunctional state occurs in two phases, and only the first phase is reversible. | Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from human pluripotent stem cells
Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell conversion of human pluripotent stem cell-derived haemogenic endothelium. | Impacts and mitigation of excess diesel-related NOx emissions in 11 major vehicle markets
Across markets accounting for 80 per cent of global diesel vehicle sales, more than a third of diesel nitrogen oxide emissions are in excess of certification limits, causing many deaths. | Cancer progression by reprogrammed BCAA metabolism in myeloid leukaemia
BCAT1, a cytosolic aminotransferase for branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), is aberrantly activated and functionally required for disease progression in chronic myeloid leukaemia. | Isotopic evidence of multiple controls on atmospheric oxidants over climate transitions
Observations from a Greenland ice core reveal that tropospheric oxidants are sensitive to climate-driven changes in reactive halogen chemistry and stratosphere-to-troposphere transport of ozone, in addition to ozone precursor emissions. | Identification of preoptic sleep neurons using retrograde labelling and gene profiling
Identification of sleep-active and sleep-promoting neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus using neural projection tracing tools to target this population among a group of intermingled neurons, all with various functions. | Extreme hydrothermal conditions at an active plate-bounding fault
Extreme temperatures and fluid pressures are measured, and their causes modelled, in a borehole into the Alpine Fault, where an earthquake rupture is expected within the next few decades. | Evolutionary enhancement of Zika virus infectivity in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
A mutation that increases the secretion of Zika virus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) in infected hosts enhances the ability of the virus to infect its mosquito vector Aedes aegypti and might have contributed to the recent Zika epidemic. | Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks
Affinity purification–mass spectrometry elucidates protein interaction networks and co-complexes to build, to our knowledge, the largest experimentally derived human protein interaction network so far, termed BioPlex 2.0. | Global translational reprogramming is a fundamental layer of immune regulation in plants
Global translatome analysis shows that plants also modify their translational output—independently of the changes in transcriptional output—to establish pattern-triggered immunity. | uORF-mediated translation allows engineered plant disease resistance without fitness costs
WebIn both laboratory and field studies, engineering translational control of immune mediator production in Arabidopsis and rice confers disease resistance, without compromising plant fitness. | Human GLP-1 receptor transmembrane domain structure in complex with allosteric modulators
Crystal structures of the human GLP-1 receptor in complex with two negative allosteric modulators reveal a common binding pocket, and, together with mutagenesis and modelling studies, further our understanding of the receptor activation mechanism.Author: Please check the wording of the following statement, which will appear online only. | PD-1 expression by tumour-associated macrophages inhibits phagocytosis and tumour immunity
Mouse and human tumour-associated macrophages express PD-1, which increases with cancer stage and induces decreased phagocytosis by macrophages; by contrast, PD-L1 removal increases phagocytosis in vivo, decreases tumour burden and increases survival of mice. | | | | 
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The authors use computational modelling and a set of chemically synthesized compounds to define the physicochemical properties required for small-molecule accumulation in Gram-negative bacteria.
Michelle F. Richter, Bryon S. Drown, Andrew P. Riley et al. | Endothelial TLR4 and the microbiome drive cerebral cavernous malformations
Lipopolysaccharide derived from gut bacteria can accelerate the formation of cerebral cavernous malformations by activating TLR4 on endothelial cells, and polymorphisms that increase expression of the genes encoding TLR4 or its co-receptor CD14 are associated with higher CCM lesion burden in humans.
Alan T. Tang, Jaesung P. Choi, Jonathan J. Kotzin et al. | Discovery of nitrate–CPK–NLP signalling in central nutrient–growth networks
In response to nitrate, Ca2+-sensor protein kinases (CPKs) act as master regulators to coordinate downstream signalling responses that are essential for shoot growth and root establishment in Arabidopsis.
Kun-hsiang Liu, Yajie Niu, Mineko Konishi et al. | Selectivity determinants of GPCR–G-protein binding
The identification of the positions and patterns of amino acids that form the selectivity determinants for the entire human G-protein and G-protein-coupled receptor signalling system.
Tilman Flock, Alexander S. Hauser, Nadia Lund et al. | | Experimental characterization of a quantum many-body system via higher-order correlations
Experimental measurements of higher-order correlation functions in many-body systems provide insight into a non-trivial quantum field theory and how it can be implemented in a cold-atom quantum simulation.
Thomas Schweigler, Valentin Kasper, Sebastian Erne et al. | Topological defects control collective dynamics in neural progenitor cell cultures
The cell flow and defects within the alignment pattern of cultured mouse neural progenitor cells are described.
Kyogo Kawaguchi, Ryoichiro Kageyama, Masaki Sano | Continental crust formation on early Earth controlled by intrusive magmatism
Modelling of two modes of continental crust formation suggests that before plate tectonics began operating, the Archean early Earth’s tectonic regime was governed by intrusive magmatism.
A. B. Rozel, G. J. Golabek, C. Jain et al. | Experimental evidence that thrust earthquake ruptures might open faults
Earthquake rupture experiments and mathematical modelling reveal the existence of a torquing mechanism of thrust fault ruptures near the free surface that causes them to dynamically unclamp, open and slip large distances.
Vahe Gabuchian, Ares J. Rosakis, Harsha S. Bhat et al. | A rhodopsin in the brain functions in circadian photoentrainment in Drosophila
The Drosophila rhodopsin Rh7 works with cryptochrome to mediate circadian light entrainment by pacemaker neurons.
Jinfei D. Ni, Lisa S. Baik, Todd C. Holmes et al. | Whole-brain serial-section electron microscopy in larval zebrafish
A complete larval zebrafish brain is examined and its myelinated axons reconstructed using serial-section electron microscopy, revealing remarkable symmetry and providing a valuable resource.
David Grant Colburn Hildebrand, Marcelo Cicconet, Russel Miguel Torres et al. | Floor-plate-derived netrin-1 is dispensable for commissural axon guidance
Preventing netrin secretion from floor-plate cells at the midline does not disrupt axonal guidance; commissural axons develop normally and the data suggest that netrin may influence axons locally by promoting growth cone adhesion.
Chloé Dominici, Juan Antonio Moreno-Bravo, Sergi Roig Puiggros et al. | A Wnt-producing niche drives proliferative potential and progression in lung adenocarcinoma
A subset of Kras and p53 mutant cancer cells acts as a Wnt-producing niche for another cancer cell subset, and porcupine inhibition disrupts Wnt secretion in this niche, thereby suppressing proliferative potential and leading to therapeutic benefit.
Tuomas Tammela, Francisco J. Sanchez-Rivera, Naniye Malli Cetinbas et al. | Intratumoural heterogeneity generated by Notch signalling promotes small-cell lung cancer
In a mouse model of small-cell lung cancer and in human tumours, activation of the Notch pathway can lead to a cell fate switch of neuroendocrine cells to less proliferative non-neuroendocrine cells, generating intratumoural heterogeneity.
Jing Shan Lim, Alvaro Ibaseta, Marcus M. Fischer et al. | TRAF2 and OTUD7B govern a ubiquitin-dependent switch that regulates mTORC2 signalling
Ubiquitination of the GβL subunit, a component of both mTORC1 and mTORC2, acts as a regulatory switching mechanism to balance levels of mTORC1 and mTORC2; the failure of this mechanism in some cancers leads to elevated mTORC2 formation and tumorigenesis.
Bin Wang, Zuliang Jie, Donghyun Joo et al. | Locally noisy autonomous agents improve global human coordination in network experiments
A networked colour coordination game, with humans interacting with autonomous software bots, shows that bots acting with small levels of random noise and being placed centrally in the network improves not only human–bot interactions but also human–human interactions at distant nodes.
Hirokazu Shirado, Nicholas A. Christakis | | | | |
