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Evolution: Insect
invasions and natural selection
Observations of
a real-time invasion of Australia by Asian honeybees
demonstrate how natural selection can allow a small
founding population to overcome the genetic odds stacked
against success. |
Cell biology: A
mitochondrial brake on vascular repair
Injured blood
vessels are repaired by vascular smooth-muscle cells. It
emerges that the protein Fat1 regulates the
proliferation of these cells by inhibiting the function
of mitochondria. |
Optical physics: Clear
directions for random lasers
Random lasers
use disordered structures to produce light, which is
usually emitted in many directions. A random laser that
can produce a collimated beam offers a wide range of
applications, from imaging to security
scanning. |
CRISPR/Cas9 β-globin
gene targeting in human haematopoietic stem
cells
These
preclinical studies outline a CRISPR-based methodology
for correcting β-globin gene mutations in haematopoietic
stem cells to advance the development of next-generation
therapies for β-haemoglobinopathies. |
Magnetic reversals
from planetary dynamo waves
Polarity
reversals caused by dynamo waves are demonstrated in a
magnetohydrodynamic model that is relevant to planetary
cores, suggesting a possible mechanism of geomagnetic
reversals. |
Broadening not
strengthening of the Agulhas Current since the early
1990s
The Agulhas
Current has not intensified since the early 1990s, but
has instead broadened as a result of more eddy
activity. |
A cannabinoid link
between mitochondria and memory
Cannabinoids
affect CB1 receptors on the mitochondrial
membranes in the brain, triggering a decrease in
downstream cAMP-dependent signalling; this leads to a
decrease in brain mitochondrial activity and to
cannabinoid-induced amnesia. |
Different tissue
phagocytes sample apoptotic cells to direct distinct
homeostasis programs
Apoptotic
intestinal epithelial cells can be sampled by lamina
propria phagocytes, leading to distinct
phagocyte-type-specific anti-inflammatory gene
signatures and dendritic-cell-mediated induction of
regulatory T cells. |
Macrophages redirect
phagocytosis by non-professional phagocytes and
influence inflammation
Macrophage-derived
insulin-like growth factor enhances the uptake of
microvesicles by non-professional phagocytes, such as
airway epithelial cells and fibroblasts, thereby
dampening tissue inflammation. |
Neuromodulators signal
through astrocytes to alter neural circuit activity and
behaviour
Calcium
signalling in astrocytes, driven through the
octopamine/tyramine receptor and the TRP channel Water
witch, is essential for neuromodulation and sensory
responses in Drosophila larvae. |
Control of
mitochondrial function and cell growth by the atypical
cadherin Fat1
Fragments of the
atypical cadherin Fat1 accumulate in the mitochondria of
vascular smooth muscle cells where they reduce
respiration, leading to a regulated proliferative
response to arterial injury. |
Overcoming resistance
to checkpoint blockade therapy by targeting PI3Kγ in
myeloid cells
Targeting
tumour-infiltrating suppressive myeloid cells with a
selective PI3Kγ inhibitor overcomes resistance to
checkpoint blockade therapy in various mouse
myeloid-rich tumour models. |
| RIPK1 counteracts
ZBP1-mediated necroptosis to inhibit
inflammation |
| RIPK1 inhibits
ZBP1-driven necroptosis during
development. |
| Neutralizing human
antibodies prevent Zika virus replication and fetal
disease in mice |
| Ad26/MVA Therapeutic
Vaccination with TLR7 Stimulation in SIV-Infected Rhesus
Monkeys |
| Erratum: Kamakura
replies | |
The stem osteichthyan
Andreolepis and the origin of tooth
replacement
The extinct
Andreolepis, an early fish that is close to the
common ancestor of all bony fish and land vertebrates,
shed its teeth by basal resportion—the earliest example
of this mode of tooth replacement.
Donglei
Chen, Henning Blom, Sophie Sanchez et
al. |
Evolution of Osteocrin
as an activity-regulated factor in the primate
brain
Osteocrin is a
non-neuronal secreted protein in mice that has been
evolutionarily repurposed to act as a neuronal
development factor in primates.
Bulent
Ataman, Gabriella L. Boulting, David A. Harmin et
al. |
Transplanted embryonic
neurons integrate into adult neocortical
circuits
Transplanted
embryonic neurons in mice mature and achieve adult-like
properties within 4–8 weeks, receiving appropriate
inputs and establishing stimulus-selective
responses.
Susanne
Falkner, Sofia Grade, Leda Dimou et
al. |
Balancing selection
shapes density-dependent foraging behaviour
Natural isolates
of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes differ in
their sensitivity to the anti-exploratory pheromone
icas#9, yielding two distinct foraging strategies that
possess different survival advantages depending on
environmental conditions such as food
distribution.
Joshua
S. Greene, Maximillian Brown, May Dobosiewicz et
al. | |
Self-bound droplets of
a dilute magnetic quantum liquid
A self-bound
quantum droplet of magnetic atoms is observed in a
trap-free levitation field.
Matthias
Schmitt, Matthias Wenzel, Fabian Böttcher et
al. |
Tracking the ultrafast
motion of a single molecule by femtosecond orbital
imaging
Watching a
single molecule move calls for measurements that combine
ultrafast temporal resolution with atomic spatial
resolution; this is now shown to be possible by
combining scanning tunnelling microscopy with lightwave
electronics, through a technique that involves removing
a single electron from the highest occupied orbital of a
single pentacene molecule in a time window shorter than
an oscillation cycle of light.
Tyler
L. Cocker, Dominik Peller, Ping Yu et
al. |
Catalytic alkylation
of remote C–H bonds enabled by proton-coupled electron
transfer
Catalytic
alkylation of C–H bonds is achieved via homolysis of N–H
bonds of N-alkyl amides through proton-coupled
electron transfer.
Gilbert
J. Choi, Qilei Zhu, David C. Miller et
al. |
Fluvial sediment
supply to a mega-delta reduced by shifting
tropical-cyclone activity
About a third of
the sediment delivery of the Mekong River is shown to be
associated with rainfall generated by tropical cyclones,
suggesting that future delta stability will be strongly
moderated by changes to tropical cyclone intensity,
frequency and track.
Stephen
E. Darby, Christopher R. Hackney, Julian Leyland et
al. |
Amide-directed
photoredox-catalysed C–C bond formation at unactivated
sp3 C–H bonds
The formation of
carbon–carbon bonds is achieved via directed cleavage of
traditionally non-reactive carbon–hydrogen bonds and
their subsequent coupling with readily available
alkenes.
John
C. K. Chu, Tomislav Rovis |
Cultural innovation
and megafauna interaction in the early settlement of
arid Australia
Warratyi rock
shelter shows evidence of human occupation approximately
50,000 years ago, development of tool use and cultural
innovation, and interaction with now-extinct megafauna
in arid Australia.
Giles
Hamm, Peter Mitchell, Lee J. Arnold et
al. |
A brain–spine
interface alleviating gait deficits after spinal cord
injury in primates
A wireless
brain–spine interface is presented that enables macaques
with a spinal cord injury to regain locomotor movements
of a paralysed leg.
Marco
Capogrosso, Tomislav Milekovic, David Borton et
al. |
A basal ganglia
circuit for evaluating action outcomes
In
mice, glutamatergic globus pallidus neurons projecting
to the lateral habenula (GPh neurons) bi-directionally
encode positive and negative prediction error signals
that are critical for outcome evaluation and are driven
by a subset of basal ganglia circuits.
Marcus
Stephenson-Jones, Kai Yu, Sandra Ahrens et
al. |
Fatty acid synthesis
configures the plasma membrane for inflammation in
diabetes
Mice with
macrophages deficient in fatty acid synthase exhibit
lower levels of diabetes-related insulin resistance and
inflammation, qualities that are restored on addition of
exogenous cholesterol.
Xiaochao
Wei, Haowei Song, Li Yin et al. |
Reconstitution in
vitro of the entire cycle of the mouse female germ
line
Using a protocol
that recapitulates both meiosis and oocyte growth in
vitro, the authors induce mouse pluripotent stem
cells to differentiate into fully functional oocytes
that can be fertilized and generate viable offspring,
thereby recapitulating the full mammalian female
germline cycle in a dish.
Orie
Hikabe, Nobuhiko Hamazaki, Go Nagamatsu et
al. |
Leukaemogenic effects
of Ptpn11 activating mutations in the stem cell
microenvironment
Mutations in the
protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 affect cells in the
bone marrow environment, which leads to aberrant
activation of resident haematopoietic stem cells and
thereby contributes to the development of
leukaemia.
Lei
Dong, Wen-Mei Yu, Hong Zheng et
al. |
Single-cell RNA-seq
supports a developmental hierarchy in human
oligodendroglioma
Single-cell
RNA-seq in human gliomas identifies cycling cancer stem
cells and their differentiated glial-like cell
progeny.
Itay
Tirosh, Andrew S. Venteicher, Christine Hebert et
al. | |
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