Electronic Noise and Fluctuations in Solids

Sh. Kogan

Los Alamos National Laboratory

索书号：TN911.4/K78

Contents

Preface;
1. Introduction. Some basic concepts of the theory of random processes:
1.1. Probability density functions. Moments. Stationary processes;
1.2. Correlation function;
1.3. Spectral density of noise;
1.4. Ergodicity and nonergodicity of random processes;
1.5. Random pulses and shot noise;
1.6. Markov processes. General theory;
1.7. Discrete Markov processes. Random telegraph noise;
1.8. Quasicontinuous (Diffusion-like) Markov processes;
1.9. Brownian motion;
1.10. Langevin approach to the kinetics of fluctuations;

2. Fluctuation-dissipation relations in equilibrium systems:
2.1. Derivation of fluctuation-dissipation relations;
2.2. Equilibrium noise in quasistationary circuits. Nyquist theorem;
2.3. Fluctuations of electromagnetic fields in continuous media;

3. Fluctuations in nonequilibrium gased:
3.1. Some basic concepts of hot-electrons' physics;
3.2. Simple model of current fluctuations in a semiconductor with hot electrons;
3.3. General kinetic theory of quasiclassical fluctuations in a gas of particles. The Boltzmann-Langevin equation;
3.4. Current fluctuations and noise temperature;
3.5. Current fluctuations and diffusion in a gas of hot electrons;
3.6. One-time correlation in nonequilibrium gases;
3.7. Intervalley noise in multivalley semiconductors;
3.8. Noise of hot electrons emitting optical phonons in the streaming regime;
3.9. Noise in a semiconductor with a postbreakdown stable current filament;

4. Generation-recombination noise:
4.1. G-R noise in uniform unipolar semiconductors;
4.2. Noise produced by recombination and diffusion;

5. Noise in quantum ballistic systems:
5.1. Introduction;
5.2. Equilibrium noise and shot noise in quantum conductors;
5.3. Modulation noise in quantum point contacts;
5.4. Transition from a ballistic conductor to a macroscopic one;
5.5. Noise in tunnel junctions;

6. Resistance noise in metals:
6.1. Incoherent scattering of electrons by mobile defects;
6.2. Effect of mobile scattering centers on the electron interference pattern;
6.3. Fluctuations of the number of diffusing scattering centers;
6.4. Temperature fluctuations and the corresponding noise;

7. Noise in strongly disordered conductors:
7.1. Basic ideas of the percolation theory;
7.2. Resistance fluctuations in percolation systems.
7.3. Experiments;

8. Low-frequency noise with an 1/f-type spectrum and random telegraph noise:
8.1. Introduction;
8.2. Some general properties of 1/f noise;
8.2.1. Frequency-dependence of the spectral density and time-dependence of the correlation function;
8.2.2. Some statistical properties of 1/f noise and its stationarity;
8.2.3. Dependence of 1/f noise on the mean voltage or current anisotropy of the conductivity fluctuations;
8.2.4. Correlation length of conductivity fluctuations and dependence of noise on the dimensions of the conductor;
8.2.5. Empirical hooge relationship;
8.3. Basic models of 1/f noise;
8.3.1. The concept of nonexponential kinetics;
8.3.2. The McWhorter systems;
8.3.4. Other models;
8.4./f noise in metals;
8.4.1. Direct connection between 1/f noise and defects' motion;
8.4.2. Mechanisms of 1/f noise in metals;
8.4.3.1/f noise, internal friction and anelastic piezo resistance in metals;
8.5. Low-frequency noise in semiconductors;
8.5.1. Surface noise;
8.5.2. Bulk 1/f noise;
8.6. Magnetic noise in spin glasses and some other magnetic systems;
8.7. Temperature fluctuations as a possible source of 1/f noise;
8.8. Random telegraph noise;
8.8.1. Introduction;
8.8.2. RTN in metals;
8.8.3. RTN in tunnel junctions;
8.8.4. RTN in MOSFETs;
8.9. Fluctuations with 1/f spectrum in other systems;
8.10. General conclusions on 1/f noise;

9. Noise in superconductors and superconducting structures:
9.1. Noise in Josephson junctions;
9.1.1. Introduction;
9.1.2. Noise in tunnel Josephson junctions;
9.1.3. Noise in Josephson junctions with direct conduction and in shunted tunnel junctions;
9.1.4. Effect of noise on the spectral width of Josephson oscillations;
9.2. Noise in type II supercon