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Volume 502 Number 7470 |
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nature |
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The science that matters. Every week. | |
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The Kavli Prize is accepting nominations September 1 - December 1, 2013 The Kavli Prize honors scientists for their outstanding research & seminal advances in astrophysics, nanoscience & neuroscience. A prize in each field consists of a scroll, medal & cash award of US $1 million. Prize recipients will be announced in 2014. For more information: http://www.kavliprize.no/ |
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Jump to the content that matters to you |
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Specials - Outlook: Tuberculosis | |
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Drug resistance and the HIV pandemic have thwarted efforts to rid the world of humanity’s biggest killer Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We need new types of safe drug, a practical point-of-care diagnostic and ultimately an effective vaccine if we are ever to eliminate tuberculosis. But our understanding of the underlying pathology needs to improve if these goals are to be realized.
▼ more |
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The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability
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Camile Mora et al. use an ensemble of climate modelling simulations to estimate when ongoing warming will exceed the bounds of historical climate variability. Depending on assumptions regarding future emissions in greenhouse gasses, this is likely to occur sometime in the mid to late twenty-first century. This landmark event is likely to arrive first in the tropics, where historical climate variability is low and biodiversity is high. |
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A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones
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The development of the jaw is a key episode vertebrate evolution. It is difficult to identify individual steps in the transition, but the fossil record can help. This study illuminates a late step in the process, where modern vertebrates such as sharks and bony fish emerge from the placoderms, a group of jawed, armoured fish. Most placoderms had jaws very unlike those of modern vertebrates but Entelognathus had full body armour and jaw bones similar to those of modern bony fish. This is the most primitive known creature with what we would recognize as a face. |
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Speed. Resolution. Clarity. Accuracy. The Hamamatsu NanoZoomer Series delivers all of this and more. The ultimate digital whole-slide scanner and virtual microscopy tool, the NanoZoomer delivers reliable, robust scanning 24/7/365 at the touch of a button. Outstanding features include high sensitivity, fast scanning, flexible fluorescence capabilities, and a Z-stack feature to accommodate thicker tissue samples. |
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Evidence for a new nuclear 'magic number' from the level structure of 54Ca
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A novel 'magic' number of neutrons corresponding to a particular substructure of atomic nuclei is reported in Nature this week. New insights into the structures of atomic nuclei can help us to understand astrophysical processes, such as the creation of atomic nuclei in stars. Experiments on the neutron rich calcium isotope calcium-54 (composed of 20 protons and 34 neutrons) provide the first direct evidence that 34 is a magic number for neutrons. This magic number may represent the onset of a significant subshell closure in isotopes far from stability. |
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In this week's podcast: creating clouds to ease climate change, a new drug for multiple sclerosis, and was the Amazon once an orchard? |
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Mind how you go ▶ |
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The protracted battle to find cures for psychiatric illnesses is changing course, but prejudice and stigma against those with poor mental health remain a problem. |
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Closed question ▶ |
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The US shutdown is damaging science, and Congress must be called to account. |
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Improving genome understanding ▶ |
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The cost and accuracy of genome sequencing have improved dramatically. George Church asks why so few people are opting to inspect their genome. |
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Seven days: 4–10 October 2013 ▶ |
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The week in science: Displaced walruses crowd Alaskan shores, Braille code developer dies, and ALMA observatory finishes antenna construction. |
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Ocean sciences: Follow the fish ▶ |
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A global, long-term programme of ecological monitoring is needed to track ocean health, say J. Anthony Koslow and Jennifer Couture. |
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DNMT1-interacting RNAs block gene-specific DNA methylation ▶ |
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Annalisa Di Ruscio, Alexander K. Ebralidze, Touati Benoukraf et al. |
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RNAs are shown to interact with DNA methyltransferase 1 and prevent DNA methylation of genes at their specific locus, providing evidence that active transcription directly regulates DNA methylation levels. |
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Spatial organization within a niche as a determinant of stem-cell fate ▶ |
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Panteleimon Rompolas, Kailin R. Mesa, Valentina Greco |
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By combining lineage tracing with intravital microscopy, the position of a stem cell within its extended mouse hair follicle niche is shown to control its long-term fate and behaviour; laser ablation to remove restricted cell populations shows that bulge stem cells are dispensable for hair regeneration, and non-hair epithelial cells may change their fate to compensate and sustain hair growth. |
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Arteriolar niches maintain haematopoietic stem cell quiescence ▶ |
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Yuya Kunisaki, Ingmar Bruns, Christoph Scheiermann et al. |
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Immunofluorescence imaging and computational modelling are used to study the spatial distribution of different cell types within the haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche; findings show that quiescent HSCs associate specifically with small arterioles that are preferentially found in the endosteal bone marrow and are essential in maintaining this quiescence. |
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A regenerative approach to the treatment of multiple sclerosis ▶ |
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Vishal A. Deshmukh, Virginie Tardif, Costas A. Lyssiotis et al. |
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Multiple sclerosis is associated with a deficiency in generation of mature oligodendroctyes; an image-based screen for oligodendrocyte differentiation inducers identified the compound benztropine, which enhances remyelination acting through muscarinic receptors and decreases clinical severity in a multiple sclerosis model system. |
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αTAT1 catalyses microtubule acetylation at clathrin-coated pits ▶ |
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Guillaume Montagnac, Vannary Meas-Yedid, Marie Irondelle et al. |
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In eukaryotic cells, a subset of microtubules undergoes acetylation, resulting in stabilization: here, clathrin-coated pits are shown to control microtubule acetylation through a direct interaction between the α-tubulin acetyltransferase αTAT1 and the clathrin adaptor AP2, promoting directional cell migration. |
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Structural insight into magnetochrome-mediated magnetite biomineralization ▶ |
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Marina I. Siponen, Pierre Legrand, Marc Widdrat et al. |
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The magnetosome-associated protein mamP is an iron oxidase that reveals a unique arrangement of a self-plugged PDZ domain fused to two magnetochrome domains, defining a new class of c-type cytochrome exclusively found in magnetotactic bacteria. |
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Feature detection and orientation tuning in the Drosophila central complex ▶ |
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Johannes D. Seelig, Vivek Jayaraman |
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Two-photon calcium imaging experiments reveal that ring neurons in the Drosophila central complex represent visual features and show direction-selective orientation tuning, resembling simple cells in mammalian primary visual cortex; future fly studies may enhance our understanding of circuit computations underlying visually guided action selection. |
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Visualizing virus assembly intermediates inside marine cyanobacteria ▶ |
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Wei Dai, Caroline Fu, Desislava Raytcheva et al. |
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This study reports the first application of Zernike phase contrast (ZPC) electron cryo-tomography to examine cellular processes without the need for labelling or sectioning; the technique is used to visualize the maturation of the cyanophage Syn5 inside its host cell, identifying subcellular compartments and five distinct Syn5 assembly intermediates. |
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Integrin-modulating therapy prevents fibrosis and autoimmunity in mouse models of scleroderma ▶ |
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Elizabeth E. Gerber, Elena M. Gallo, Stefani C. Fontana et al. |
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Failure of integrin-mediated cell-matrix attachment is sufficient to initiate dermal fibrosis and autoimmunity in mouse models of scleroderma; integrin-modulating therapies prevent the recruitment and activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells that appear central to immunological dysregulation and maintenance of the pro-fibrotic synthetic programme. |
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Cortical interneurons that specialize in disinhibitory control ▶ |
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Hyun-Jae Pi, Balázs Hangya, Duda Kvitsiani et al. |
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Cortical inhibitory interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) are shown to specialize in suppressing the activity of other inhibitory interneurons and are activated by reinforcement signals, thus increasing the activity of excitatory neurons by releasing them from inhibition; these results reveal a cell-type-specific microcircuit that tunes cortical activity under certain behavioural conditions. |
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A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones ▶ |
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Min Zhu, Xiaobo Yu, Per Erik Ahlberg et al. |
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Although the origin of jaws is one of the key episodes in the evolution of vertebrates, the jaw bones of modern bony fishes and limbed vertebrates differ so much from those in any other groups that the individual evolutionary steps in the transition are still unknown; here Entelognathus is described, an early placoderm fish with full body armour, but with marginal jaw bones similar to those of modern bony fishes and limbed vertebrates. |
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Functional interaction between autophagy and ciliogenesis ▶ |
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Olatz Pampliega, Idil Orhon, Bindi Patel et al. |
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The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that functions in sensory and signal transduction; here the authors show that the primary cilium is required for activation of starvation-induced autophagy and that basal autophagy negatively regulates ciliogenesis. |
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Key role of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation in tropical forest secondary succession ▶ |
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Sarah A. Batterman, Lars O. Hedin, Michiel van Breugel et al. |
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In tropical moist forests, nitrogen-fixing tree species can supply a large proportion of the nitrogen required for net forest growth in the first 12 years of recovery after human or natural perturbation, with nitrogen-fixing trees accumulating carbon up to nine times faster per individual than non-fixing trees, and species-specific differences in the amount and timing of fixation. |
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Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals OPEN ▶ |
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Joe Parker, Georgia Tsagkogeorga, James A. Cotton et al. |
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By analysing genomic sequences in echolocating mammals it is shown that convergence is not a rare process restricted to a handful of loci but is instead widespread, continuously distributed and commonly driven by natural selection acting on a small number of sites per locus; analyses involved sequence comparisons across 22 mammals, including 4 new bat genomes, and found signatures consistent with convergence in genes linked to hearing or deafness, but surprisingly also to vision. |
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Platelet-biased stem cells reside at the apex of the haematopoietic stem-cell hierarchy ▶ |
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Alejandra Sanjuan-Pla, Iain C. Macaulay, Christina T. Jensen et al. |
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The identification of a functionally distinct subset of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that is primed for platelet-specific gene expression is described; the cells frequently have long-term myeloid lineage bias, can self-renew and give rise to lymphoid-biased HSCs, and may enable the design of therapies for enhancing platelet reconstitution. |
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Temperature triggers immune evasion by Neisseria meningitidis ▶ |
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Edmund Loh, Elisabeth Kugelberg, Alexander Tracy et al. |
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Three Neisseria meningitidis RNA thermosensors important for resistance against complement-mediated immune killing are identified, located in the 5′ untranslated regions of genes necessary for capsule biosynthesis, expression of factor H binding protein and sialyation of lipolysaccharide; increased temperature may act as a warning signal for the bacterium, prompting it to enhance mechanisms of immune evasion. |
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The genesis and source of the H7N9 influenza viruses causing human infections in China ▶ |
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Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam, Jia Wang, Yongyi Shen et al. |
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Evolutionary analyses show that H7 influenza viruses probably transferred from ducks to chickens in China on at least two independent occasions, and that reassortment with H9N2 viruses generated the H7N9 outbreak lineage that recently emerged in humans in China, and a related previously unrecognized H7N7 lineage; these H7N7 viruses are shown to have the ability to infect ferrets, and the current pandemic threat could extend beyond H7N9 viruses. |
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Type 2 innate lymphoid cells control eosinophil homeostasis ▶ |
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Jesse C. Nussbaum, Steven J. Van Dyken, Jakob von Moltke et al. |
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Eosinophil recruitment to the lung and intestine is regulated by type-2-innate-lymphoid-cell-derived IL-5 and IL-13; IL-5 is shown to be induced by the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide, which is known to coordinate pancreatic secretion with smooth muscle relaxation in response to feeding. |
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Autophagy promotes primary ciliogenesis by removing OFD1 from centriolar satellites ▶ |
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Zaiming Tang, Mary Grace Lin, Timothy Richard Stowe et al. |
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The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that functions in sensory and signal transduction; the authors demonstrate here that autophagic degradation of the oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 (OFD1) protein at centriolar satellites promotes primary cilium biogenesis, and that autophagy modulation might provide a novel means of ciliopathy treatment. |
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Eppendorf Tubes 5.0 mL - Discover a new sample handling system
Now you have a perfect option for the convenient and safe processing of sample volumes up to 5.0 mL .
With the conical snap-cap design and optimized adapters the Eppendorf Tube 5.0 mL is designed to match all common processes in the lab . Intelligent and simple - systematically! |
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Structural insight into magnetochrome-mediated magnetite biomineralization ▶ |
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Marina I. Siponen, Pierre Legrand, Marc Widdrat et al. |
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The magnetosome-associated protein mamP is an iron oxidase that reveals a unique arrangement of a self-plugged PDZ domain fused to two magnetochrome domains, defining a new class of c-type cytochrome exclusively found in magnetotactic bacteria. |
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Interface superconductor with gap behaviour like a high-temperature superconductor ▶ |
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C. Richter, H. Boschker, W. Dietsche et al. |
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The density of states in a two-dimensional superconductor has an energy gap that behaves analogously to that in a high-transition-temperature copper oxide superconductor as a function of charge carrier density, suggesting that such behaviour could be a general property of two-dimensional superconductivity. |
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Structural insight into magnetochrome-mediated magnetite biomineralization ▶ |
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Marina I. Siponen, Pierre Legrand, Marc Widdrat et al. |
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The magnetosome-associated protein mamP is an iron oxidase that reveals a unique arrangement of a self-plugged PDZ domain fused to two magnetochrome domains, defining a new class of c-type cytochrome exclusively found in magnetotactic bacteria. |
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Quasicrystalline structure formation in a classical crystalline thin-film system ▶ |
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Stefan Förster, Klaus Meinel, René Hammer et al. |
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The unusual ordering of quasicrystals can be induced in thin films of a regular crystalline material; here a two-dimensional quasicrystal has been achieved by growing thin films of the perovskite barium titanate on an appropriately oriented crystalline platinum substrate. |
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The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability ▶ |
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Camilo Mora, Abby G. Frazier, Ryan J. Longman et al. |
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An ensemble of simulations indicates that ongoing climate change will exceed the bounds of historical climate variability some time in the mid to late twenty-first century and that the burden of rapid climate adaption will occur earliest in highly biodiverse and often economically challenged tropical areas. |
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Bottom-up control of geomagnetic secular variation by the Earth’s inner core ▶ |
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Julien Aubert, Christopher C. Finlay, Alexandre Fournier |
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The pattern of geomagnetic secular variation observed on the Earth’s surface is shown to be reproduced by two mechanisms relying on the inner core; this bottom-up heterogeneous driving of outer-core convection dominates top-down driving from mantle thermal heterogeneities. |
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Key role of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation in tropical forest secondary succession ▶ |
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Sarah A. Batterman, Lars O. Hedin, Michiel van Breugel et al. |
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In tropical moist forests, nitrogen-fixing tree species can supply a large proportion of the nitrogen required for net forest growth in the first 12 years of recovery after human or natural perturbation, with nitrogen-fixing trees accumulating carbon up to nine times faster per individual than non-fixing trees, and species-specific differences in the amount and timing of fixation. |
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Epidemiology: A mortal foe ▶ |
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Tuberculosis is one of the world's most lethal, infectious diseases. Further progress in consigning it to the past is a massive challenge. By Tom Paulson. |
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Diagnosis: Waiting for results ▶ |
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There are several new tests for tuberculosis in the pipeline, but they must be shown to be effective in areas with limited resources and a heavy burden of HIV. |
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Perspective: Weigh all TB risks ▶ |
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A narrow definition of risk is hampering the search for new methods of tuberculosis control, say Christopher Dye and Mario Raviglione. |
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Latency: A sleeping giant ▶ |
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Most people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis never get the disease, but predicting who will is turning out to be a complex problem. |
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Transmission: Control issues ▶ |
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Once tuberculosis takes hold in a population it can be hard to control, but scientists are finding new ways to understand and stop its spread. |
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Nature Video in association with Scientific American present:
Better living through chemistry
Four debates from the 2013 Nobel Laureate Meeting in Lindau. We invited Nobel laureates and young researchers to discuss how chemistry can solve pressing world problems.
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Column: Animated science ▶ |
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Understanding how visualizations can communicate research will help scientists to make the most of the technology, says Quintin Anderson. |
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Careers related news & comment |
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naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week |
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No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. Keep up-to-date with the latest sector trends, vote in our reader poll and sign-up to receive the monthly Naturejobs newsletter. |
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• Natureevents Directory featured events |
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natureevents directory featured events |
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Natureevents Directory is the premier resource for scientists looking for the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia. Featured across Nature Publishing Group journals and centrally at natureevents.com it is an essential reference guide to scientific events worldwide. |
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