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Science, 27 January 2012 (Volume 335, Issue 6067) http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol335/issue6067/index.dtl?etoc Also online at Science:: Science Express -- selected papers published in advance of print Daily News -- daily postings from Science's award-winning news team Science Signaling -- online cell signaling journal and knowledge environment Science Careers -- job postings and career advice for scientists Science Translational Medicine -- integrating medicine and science

Science Podcast Repeatability in natural selection, livestock grazing and locust outbreaks, new frontiers in supercomputing, and more. Listen now. Science Video Portal Featuring contributions from our authors and the staff at Science.

NIH Examines What Drove Its Grant Success Rate to a Record Low Online Social Network Seeks to Overhaul Peer Review in Scientific Publishing Mapping the Psychedelic Brain Physicists Squeeze X-Ray Laser Light Out of Atoms

In this week's issue:

Research Summaries

This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week papers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol335/issue6067/twis.dtl

Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol335/issue6067/twil.dtl

Teaching Real Science
Bruce Alberts
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/380

This Week's Section

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/384-a

Around the World

In science news around the world this week, outbreaks of H5N1 continue in poultry in south and southeast Asia-and the human death toll mounts; the University of Tokyo plans to shift the start of its school year from April to autumn; researchers are looking for signs of life in the Tissint meteorites; the Natural History Museum in London is under fire for its scientific cooperation with an Israeli company that conducts research in the occupied West Bank; Marco Antônio Raupp will become Brazil's new minister of science, technology, and innovation; and NASA's twin moon orbiters were officially christened Ebb and Flow.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/384-b

Random Sample

Peerage of Science, an online social network founded by three Finnish ecologists, aims to provide journals with already-peer-reviewed manuscripts. And this week's numbers quantify NIH grant success rates and the number of bats that have died from white nose syndrome.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/385-a

Newsmakers

This week's Newsmakers are Terence Tao of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and Jean Bourgain of the Institute for Advanced Study, winners of the Crafoord Prize in mathematics; Reinhard Genzel of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics and Andrea Ghez of UCLA, who will claim the prize for astronomy; and Cristián Samper, who in August will become the president and CEO of the Wildlife Conservation Society.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/385-b

Findings
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol335/issue6067/findings.dtl

Flu Controversy Spurs Research Moratorium
David Malakoff
Amid a growing global controversy over the potential dangers of experiments involving the H5N1 avian influenza virus, a group of leading influenza researchers last week agreed to a 60-day moratorium on some sensitive flu studies.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/387

Ron Fouchier: In the Eye of the Storm
Martin Enserink
Science talked to Ron Fouchier of Erasmus MC in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, who carried out one of the two controversial H5N1 avian influenza studies that triggered the international debate.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/388

An Explosive Return of the 'Great Pox'
Mara Hvistendahl
As a result of widespread migration, rising inequality, and evolving sexual mores, China now holds the dubious title of the nation with the largest increase in reported syphilis cases in the penicillin era.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/390

Worldwide Telescope Aims to Look Into Milky Way Galaxy's Black Heart
Daniel Clery
Last week, astronomers gathered to work out a plan to combine data from radio telescopes worldwide and create, in effect, a dish the size of Earth that will be able to peer into our galaxy's heart.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/391

DOE Funding Crunch Threatens Future of Only U.S. Collider Still Running
Adrian Cho
A $500 million upgrade planned for early next decade would enable the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider to answer a key puzzle about the proton itself-if RHIC doesn't fall victim to budget cuts.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/392

What It'll Take to Go Exascale
Robert F. Service
Scientists hope the next generation of supercomputers will carry out a million trillion operations per second. But first they must change the way the machines are built and run.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/394

Ferreting Out the Hidden Cracks in the Heart of a Continent
Naomi Lubick
Deep beneath the central United States, researchers find signs of buried faults that have triggered earthquakes in the past-and may still be kicking.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/397

Modernizing an Academic Monastery
Greg Miller
The venerable Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences has been trying to reinvent itself by applying behavioral science to 21st century problems.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/398

Pause on Avian Flu Transmission Research
Ron A. M. Fouchier et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/400

Corrections and Clarifications
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/401-a

Recognizing Existing Models
William Joseph Rosenberg
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/401-d

Portugal's Age of Enlightenment
Nuno C. Santos
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/401-e

Comment on "Dynamics of Dpp Signaling and Proliferation Control"
Gerald Schwank et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/401-b

Response to Comment on "Dynamics of Dpp Signaling and Proliferation Control"
Ortrud Wartlick et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/401-c

Ecocide or Utopia on Easter Island?
Robin Torrence
Drawing on their own primary research, Hunt and Lipo argue that Easter Island's population did not collapse from human exploitation of the environment.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/403

The Pursuit of Love
Beth Ann Malow
Combining historical and ethnographic perspectives, Silverman explores the various ways in which researchers, practitioners, and activists have interpreted and responded to autism.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/404-a

Books Received

A listing of books received at Science during the week ending 20 January 2012.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/404-b

Mixed Messages on Prices and Food Security
Johan Swinnen et al.
We need a more nuanced debate on how prices and policies affect food security; neither high nor low prices are panaceas.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/405

Antigen Feast or Famine
Michael L. Dustin et al.
The asymmetric distribution of antigen during B cell division affects the fate of B cells and their function.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/408

A Clearer View from Fuzzy Images
Marie E. Herberstein et al.
Jumping spiders use defocus as a gauge of depth perception to locate prey.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/409

The Role of Coevolution
John N. Thompson
Coevolution of a virus and a bacterium leads to the emergence of a key adaptive innovation.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/410

The Risk of Prion Zoonoses
John Collinge
Transmission of prions between species through both lymphoid and neural tissues has implications for public health and risk management.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/411

Creating New Types of Carbon-Based Membranes
Donald R. Paul
Graphene oxide membranes can show unusually high water permeability, and diamond-like carbon membranes exhibited ultrafast permeation of organic solvents.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/413

Another Remembered Present
Kaspar Meyer
Could conscious perception reflect a memory process?
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/415

The Inner Workings of a Dynamic Duo
Hanne Poulsen et al.
Structures of two-pore domain potassium channels reveal key differences from the more widely found tetrameric channels.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/416

An Inquiry-Based Curriculum for Nonmajors
David P. Jackson et al.
Light, Sight, and Rainbows, the IBI prize-winning module, provides questions for exploring simple atmospheric phenomena.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/418

AAAS News and Notes

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/420

The Centrosome in Cells and Organisms
Michel Bornens
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/422

Broadband Light Bending with Plasmonic Nanoantennas
Xingjie Ni et al.
A plasmonic antenna array is used to control the propagation of a light beam across an interface.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/427

Repeatability and Contingency in the Evolution of a Key Innovation in Phage Lambda
Justin R. Meyer et al.
A receptor shift required four mutations that accumulated by natural selection and with the host's coevolution.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/428

Crystal Structure of the Human Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channel K2P1
Alexandria N. Miller et al.
Structural features provide a basis for understanding gating and ion conduction of these channels.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/432

Crystal Structure of the Human K2P TRAAK, a Lipid- and Mechano-Sensitive K⁺ Ion Channel
Stephen G. Brohawn et al.
Structural features provide a basis for understanding gating and ion conduction of these channels.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/436

Unimpeded Permeation of Water Through Helium-Leak-Tight Graphene-Based Membranes
R. R. Nair et al.
Graphite oxide membranes are impermeable to many liquids, vapors, and gases, including He, but allow evaporation of water.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/442

Ultrafast Viscous Permeation of Organic Solvents Through Diamond-Like Carbon Nanosheets
Santanu Karan et al.
Membranes made from diamond-like carbon are used to rapidly separate organic compounds.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/444

An All-Silicon Passive Optical Diode
Li Fan et al.
A silicon-based device is developed that allows the asymmetric propagation of light.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/447

Reversible Reduction of Oxygen to Peroxide Facilitated by Molecular Recognition
Nazario Lopez et al.
The highly reactive peroxide dianion (O₂^2-) can be captured and stabilized by hydrogen bonding in a molecular box.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/450

A Long-Lived Lunar Core Dynamo
Erin K. Shea et al.
Analysis of a lunar basalt sample suggests that a lunar core dynamo existed between 4.2 and 3.7 billion years ago.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/453

The Molecular Diversity of Adaptive Convergence
Olivier Tenaillon et al.
Replicate Escherichia coli lines show multiple convergent adaptations via different mutations in response to high temperature.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/457

Centrosome Loss in the Evolution of Planarians
Juliette Azimzadeh et al.
Analysis of centriole assembly in planaria gives insight into the evolution and function of the centrosome in animal cells.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/461

Global Correlations in Tropical Tree Species Richness and Abundance Reject Neutrality
Robert E. Ricklefs et al.
Comparison of species numbers between forests shows that patterns of diversity are dominated by deterministic processes.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/464

Heavy Livestock Grazing Promotes Locust Outbreaks by Lowering Plant Nitrogen Content
Arianne J. Cease et al.
High-protein plants inhibit locust swarming, which explains why grazed systems are more prone to outbreaks.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/467

Depth Perception from Image Defocus in a Jumping Spider
Takashi Nagata et al.
To jump exact distances to capture prey, spiders, like computers, use defocus as a major cue for depth perception.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/469

Facilitated Cross-Species Transmission of Prions in Extraneural Tissue
Vincent Beringue et al.
Lymphoid tissue is more permissive than the brain to foreign prions.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/472

Asymmetric Segregation of Polarized Antigen on B Cell Division Shapes Presentation Capacity
Olivier Thaunat et al.
Antigen distribution across activated B cells influences B-T lymphocyte interactions.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/475

New Products

A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/481-a

Science Podcast

The show includes repeatability in natural selection, livestock grazing and locust outbreaks, new frontiers in supercomputing, and more.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/335/6067/481-b