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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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| Volume 468 Number 7321 pp133-340 |
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 About the cover
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In this issue
 Editorials
World View
Research Highlights
Seven Days
News
Features
Comment
Books and Arts
Correspondence
Obituary
News & Views
Perspectives
Insight
Articles
Letters
Erratum
Naturejobs
Futures
Also this week
 Editor's summary
 AOP
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 Nature Insight Glia
Half the brain consists in glia (greek for 'glue') long thought to be no more than support for neurons. But recent research reveals that glial cells are key to brain development and function.
Access selected content free online from this Insight, which gathers Review Articles covering the most vibrant sectors of this emerging field in brain science. | |
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| EDITORIALS |
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Combating schizophrenia p133
Research has revealed daunting complexities in the psychiatric condition, but also new routes towards diagnosis and treatment.
doi:10.1038/468133a
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States or the union p133
California climate initiative moves decisively forward, providing a glimmer of hope.
doi:10.1038/468133b
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Worth waiting for p134
A wise report on genetic screening from the Leopoldina has been 350 years in the making.
doi:10.1038/468134a
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| WORLD VIEW |
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Double trouble? To throw cash at science is a mistake p135
Politicians who seek economic recovery should look beyond the budget of the National Science Foundation, argues Daniel Sarewitz
Daniel Sarewitz
doi:10.1038/468135a
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| RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS |
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Evolutionary ecology: Chasing off biters benefits others p136
doi:10.1038/468136a
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Chemistry: Catalyst makes dyeing greener p136
doi:10.1038/468136b
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Particle physics: Neutral molecules whirl around p136
doi:10.1038/468136c
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Neurobiology: Trimming brain connections p136
doi:10.1038/468136d
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Materials science: Film bends with light p137
doi:10.1038/468137a
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Agriculture: Sterile moths fight resistance p137
doi:10.1038/468137b
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Astronomy: Wave patterns in Saturn's big ring p137
doi:10.1038/468137c
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Zoology: No sons for snake that shuns sex p137
doi:10.1038/468137d
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Immunology: It's not you. It's your organelles. p137
doi:10.1038/468137e
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| SEVEN DAYS |
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Seven days: 4-11 November 2010 p138
The week in science
doi:10.1038/468138a
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| NEWS |
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Measuring the meltdown p141
With global warming hitting the Tibetan plateau hard, scientists gather to plan an international research campaign to understand and mitigate changes at the 'third pole'.
Jane Qiu
doi:10.1038/468141a
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Vaccine offers meningitis hope p143
First affordable and effective weapon against killer meningococcal meningitis A rolled out in Africa.
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/468143a
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China tackles surge in mental illness p145
Psychological examinations to be added to selection procedure for government officials.
David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/468145a
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US science faces a squeeze p146
Power shift in Congress paves way for Republicans to constrict government spending.
Richard Monastersky, Jeff Tollefson, Meredith Wadman and Eugenie Samuel Reich
doi:10.1038/468146a
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Funding crisis hits US ageing research p148
Shortfalls hamper scientists' efforts to address a predicted epidemic of age-related diseases.
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/468148a
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There will be blood p149
Direct conversion of cell types could offer safer, simpler treatments than stem cells.
Ewen Callaway
doi:10.1038/468149a
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Correction p149
doi:10.1038/468149b
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| FEATURES |
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Schizophrenia: The making of a troubled mind p154
Schizophrenia appears during adolescence. But where does one begin and the other end?
doi:10.1038/468154a
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Schizophrenia: The drug deadlock p158
The biology is too complicated. Pharma companies are quitting. Where are schizophrenia drugs going to come from?
doi:10.1038/468158a
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Neuroscience: Settling the great glia debate p160
Do the billions of non-neuronal cells in the brain send messages of their own?
doi:10.1038/468160a
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| COMMENT |
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Short-lived campaigns are not enough p163
The stigma of mental illness will be reduced only if region-specific awareness initiatives become a permanent fixture of health and social services, argues Norman Sartorius.
Norman Sartorius
doi:10.1038/468163a
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Cognitive remediation therapy needs funding p165
More rigorous studies should be done on the effects of a therapy that seems to improve the everyday functioning of people with schizophrenia, says Til Wykes.
Til Wykes
doi:10.1038/468165a
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| BOOKS AND ARTS |
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In retrospect: The five lives of the psychiatry manual p168
Roy Richard Grinker describes the military origins of the key reference work for diagnosing mental illness.
Roy Richard Grinker reviews Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders
doi:10.1038/468168a
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Books in brief p169
doi:10.1038/468169a
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Innovation: Lighting the creative spark p170
Ingenuity combines individual skill with shared ideas, explains Robert J. Sternberg.
Robert J. Sternberg reviews Sudden Genius? The Gradual Path to Creative Breakthroughs Andrew Robinson
Where Good Ideas Come from: The Natural History of Innovation Steven Johnson
doi:10.1038/468170a
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Q&A: On facts and fiction p172
Novelist Tracy Chevalier describes her experience of judging the entries in this year's Royal Society Prize for Science Books, and explains why she placed a nineteenth-century female fossil hunter at the centre of her last novel.
Jennifer Rohn
doi:10.1038/468172a
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| CORRESPONDENCE |
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Cities need plants and animals too p173
Patrick R. Huber and Steven E. Greco
doi:10.1038/468173a
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Water: act now to restore river health p173
Patrick Dugan and Edward H. Allison
doi:10.1038/468173b
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Water: biofuels sap supplies p173
Bobban Subhadra
doi:10.1038/468173c
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Ireland should fund best research p173
Gareth Dyke
doi:10.1038/468173d
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Concrete helix recalls smallpox win p173
Julio Licinio, Simon Easteal and Ma-Li Wong
doi:10.1038/468173e
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| OBITUARY |
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John Huchra (1948–2010) p174
Astronomer who mapped the structure of the Universe.
Robert Kirshner
doi:10.1038/468174a
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| NEWS & VIEWS |
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Stroke: Recovery inhibitors under attack p176
Once a blood vessel supplying the brain has been blocked, the opportunity to prevent brain damage is fleeting. An alternative strategy might be to guide the damaged area onto the path to recovery. See Letter p.305
Kevin Staley
doi:10.1038/468176a
Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | Letter by Clarkson et al.
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Electronics: A diverse printed future p177
An approach that entails printing compound-semiconductor ribbons on a silicon substrate offers the means to build nanoscale transistors that can be switched on and off much more effectively than their bulk analogues. See Letter p.286
John A. Rogers
doi:10.1038/468177a
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See also: Editor's summary | Letter by Ko et al.
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Neuroscience: The split view of motion p178
In both fruitflies and vertebrates, signals from photoreceptor cells are immediately split into two opposing channels in the downstream neurons. This might facilitate the computation of visual motion. See Letter p.300
Chi-Hon Lee
doi:10.1038/468178a
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See also: Editor's summary | Letter by Joesch et al.
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Animal behaviour: How to confuse thirsty bats p181
Stefano Tonzani
doi:10.1038/468181a
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Fundamental constants: Big G revisited p181
Measuring Newton's constant of gravitation is a difficult task, because gravity is the weakest of all the fundamental forces. An experiment involving two simple pendulums provides a seemingly accurate but surprising value.
Richard Davis
doi:10.1038/468181b
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50 & 100 years ago p182
doi:10.1038/468182a
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Evolutionary genomics: When abnormality is beneficial p183
One might think that aneuploidy — having an abnormal number of chromosomes — would be harmful, and would reduce an organism's fitness. Not necessarily: it all depends on the type of aneuploidy and the associated conditions. See Letter p.321
Judith Berman
doi:10.1038/468183a
Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | Letter by Pavelka et al.
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High-temperature superconductivity: Mind the pseudogap p184
The discovery of predicted collective electronic behaviour in copper-oxide superconductors in the non-superconducting state provides clues to unlocking the 24-year-old mystery of high-temperature superconductivity. See Letter p.283
Chandra Varma
doi:10.1038/468184a
Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | Letter by Li et al.
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| PERSPECTIVES |
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Rethinking schizophrenia p187
Thomas R. Insel
doi:10.1038/nature09552
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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From maps to mechanisms through neuroimaging of schizophrenia p194
Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
doi:10.1038/nature09569
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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The environment and schizophrenia p203
Jim van Os, Gunter Kenis and Bart P. F. Rutten
doi:10.1038/nature09563
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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Insight: Glia
Glia p213
Tanguy Chouard and Noah Gray
doi:10.1038/468213a
Full Text | PDF
Developmental genetics of vertebrate glial–cell specification p214
David H. Rowitch and Arnold R. Kriegstein
doi:10.1038/nature09611
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
Regulation of synaptic connectivity by glia p223
Cagla Eroglu and Ben A. Barres
doi:10.1038/nature09612
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow p232
David Attwell et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09613
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
Myelination and support of axonal integrity by glia p244
Klaus-Armin Nave
doi:10.1038/nature09614
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
The myeloid cells of the central nervous system parenchyma p253
Richard M. Ransohoff and Astrid E. Cardona
doi:10.1038/nature09615
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
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| ARTICLES |
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Dysfunction in GABA signalling mediates autism-like stereotypies and Rett syndrome phenotypes p263
Mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) gene cause Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder with features of autism. Multiple mouse models of MeCP2 have been generated, but show only a subset of the symptoms of Rett syndrome. These authors find that mice with selective deletion of MeCP2 in GABA-mediated neurons show not only impaired GABA-mediated function, but capitulate multiple key features of Rett, further suggesting a role of inhibitory function in neuropsychiatric disease.
Hsiao-Tuan Chao et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09582
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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Genetic dissection of an amygdala microcircuit that gates conditioned fear p270
The central amygdala relies on inhibitory circuitry to encode fear memories, but how this information is acquired and expressed in these connections is unknown. Two new papers use a combination of cutting-edge technologies to reveal two distinct microcircuits within the central amygdala, one required for fear acquisition and the other critical for conditioned fear responses. Understanding this architecture provides a strong link between activity in a specific circuit and particular behavioural consequences.
Wulf Haubensak et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09553
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits p277
The central amygdala relies on inhibitory circuitry to encode fear memories, but how this information is acquired and expressed in these connections is unknown. Two new papers use a combination of cutting-edge technologies to reveal two distinct microcircuits within the central amygdala, one required for fear acquisition and the other critical for conditioned fear responses. Understanding this architecture provides a strong link between activity in a specific circuit and particular behavioural consequences.
Stephane Ciocchi et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09559
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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| LETTERS |
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Hidden magnetic excitation in the pseudogap phase of a high-T c superconductor p283
Recent findings indicate that the pseudogap regime in the high-transition-temperature copper oxides constitutes a new phase of matter rather than a mere crossover phenomenon. These authors report inelastic neutron scattering results for HgBa2CuO4+δ that reveal a fundamental collective magnetic mode associated with the unusual order, further supporting this picture. The mode's intensity rises below the pseudogap characteristic temperature and its dispersion is weak.
Yuan Li et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09477
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News & Views by Varma
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Ultrathin compound semiconductor on insulator layers for high-performance nanoscale transistors p286
A potential route to enhancing the performance of electronic devices is to integrate compound semiconductors, which have superior electronic properties, within silicon, which is cheap to process. These authors present a promising new concept to integrate ultrathin layers of single-crystal indium arsenide on silicon-based substrates with an epitaxial transfer method borrowed from large-area optoelectronics. With this technique, the authors fabricate thin-film transistors with excellent device performance.
Hyunhyub Ko et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09541
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News & Views by Rogers
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Early oxygenation of the terrestrial environment during the Mesoproterozoic p290
It is thought that rises in atmospheric oxygen concentrations occurred about 2.3 and 0.8 billion years ago, with the latter implicated in the subsequent evolutionary expansion of complex biota. Sulphur isotope fractionation data from an ancient sedimentary succession in Scotland now suggest that the terrestrial environment was already sufficiently oxygenated to support a biota adapted to an oxygen-rich atmosphere about 1.2 billion years ago.
John Parnell et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09538
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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Sequential faulting explains the asymmetry and extension discrepancy of conjugate margins p294
These authors use seismic imaging to accurately measure fault extension at the conjugate west Iberia and Newfoundland margins and compare this with crustal thinning. They use these observations to create a balanced kinematic model of rifting that resolves the extension discrepancy — where crustal thinning seems to be greater than the extension caused by brittle faulting.
César R. Ranero and Marta Pérez-Gussinyé
doi:10.1038/nature09520
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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ON and OFF pathways in Drosophila motion vision p300
Ramón y Cajal, the founding father of neuroscience, observed similarities between the vertebrate retina and the insect eye, but that was based purely on anatomy. Using state-of-the-art genetics and electrophysiology in the fruitfly, these authors distinguish motion-sensitive neurons responding to abrupt increases in light from those specific to light decrements, thus bringing the similarity with vertebrate circuitry to the functional level.
Maximilian Joesch et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09545
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News & Views by Lee
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Reducing excessive GABA-mediated tonic inhibition promotes functional recovery after stroke p305
Following a stroke, there is generally limited functional recovery, but plasticity in adjacent intact areas may be critical to rehabilitation. These authors report that tonic GABAA inhibition is elevated in cortex immediately surrounding the stroke site. Furthermore, genetically or pharmacologically reducing tonic GABAA receptor signalling leads to improved functional and motor recovery in a mouse model of stroke, suggesting that this could be a new pharmacological target for stroke therapy.
Andrew N. Clarkson et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09511
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News & Views by Staley
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Inductive angiocrine signals from sinusoidal endothelium are required for liver regeneration p310
These authors describe a molecular pathway by which endothelial cells sustain liver regeneration after surgical resection. Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor-A receptor-2 in a defined subpopulation of liver endothelial cells leads to the upregulation of the endothelial-specific transcription factor Id1, which in turn induces Wnt2 and hepatocyte growth factor, which are secreted from the endothelial cells and trigger hepatocyte proliferation.
Bi-Sen Ding et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09493
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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A genome-wide RNAi screen reveals determinants of human embryonic stem cell identity p316
Realizing the full potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in research and clinical applications requires a detailed understanding of the genetic network that governs their unique properties. A genome-wide RNA interference screen identifies a wealth of new regulators of self-renewal and pluripotency properties in hESCs. The transcription factor PRDM14, for example, is required for the maintenance of hESC identity and reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency.
Na-Yu Chia et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09531
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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Aneuploidy confers quantitative proteome changes and phenotypic variation in budding yeast p321
Profiling of a large set of aneuploid yeast strains grown under a variety of conditions demonstrates that aneuploidy can affect both the transcriptome and the proteome and can generate significant phenotypic variation that could lead to fitness gains.
Norman Pavelka et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09529
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News & Views by Berman
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The mechanism of retroviral integration from X-ray structures of its key intermediates p326
Insertion of retrovirus genome into host genome to replicate is mediated by a tetramer of the virus-encoded integrase protein. The structure of a related integrase from prototype foamy virus bound to the cleaved viral DNA ends, a complex called the intasome, was previously revealed. These authors solve the structure of the intasome interacting with the target host DNA both before and after it is cleaved, revealing new details of the integration process that may help in designing improved inhibitors of HIV.
Goedele N. Maertens, Stephen Hare and Peter Cherepanov
doi:10.1038/nature09517
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See also: Editor's summary
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Iron-catalysed oxidation intermediates captured in a DNA repair dioxygenase p330
Mononuclear iron-containing oxygenases have many important roles in the cell, including the demethylation of DNA and histones. These authors crystallized the AlkB oxygenase in complex with various modified DNAs. By growing the crystals under anaerobic conditions and then exposing them to dioxygen to initiate oxidation, two different intermediates were trapped. A third type of intermediate was determined using additional computational analysis. These structures provide insight into how these enzymes perform oxidative demethylation.
Chengqi Yi et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09497
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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| ERRATUM |
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Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity p334
C. J. Vörösmarty et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09549
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| NATUREJOBS |
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News
Awards: Thumbs up for Canadian mentors p335
Nature recognizes the best of the country's science advisers.
Nicola Jones
doi:10.1038/nj7321-335a
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Q&A
Jacob Hanna p337
Palestinian researcher heads to Israel to foster scientific exchange.
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7321-337a
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Career Briefs
Website to help women p337
Arizona initiative offers support to female doctoral students.
doi:10.1038/nj7321-337b
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Career Briefs
Universities ranked p337
European biology, chemistry and physics programmes get assessed.
doi:10.1038/nj7321-337c
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Career Briefs
Satisfaction survey p337
Harvard group puts focus on faculty members.
doi:10.1038/nj7321-337d
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| FUTURES |
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George and Priti p340
Binary love.
Anand Odhav Naranbhai
doi:10.1038/468340a
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| ADVANCE ONLINE PUBLICATION |
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| 10 November 2010 |
Oxidant stress evoked by pacemaking in dopaminergic neurons is attenuated by DJ-1
Jaime N. Guzman et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09536
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Planar polarized actomyosin contractile flows control epithelial junction remodelling
Matteo Rauzi, Pierre-François Lenne and Thomas Lecuit
doi:10.1038/nature09566
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Light-avoidance-mediating photoreceptors tile the Drosophila larval body wall
Yang Xiang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09576
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Growth of graphene from solid carbon sources
Zhengzong Sun et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09579
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Suppression of inflammation by a synthetic histone mimic
Edwige Nicodeme et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09589
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| 07 November 2010 |
Impaired hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine in myeloid cancers with mutant TET2
Myunggon Ko et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09586
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Direct conversion of human fibroblasts to multilineage blood progenitors
Eva Szabo et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09591
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
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 Nature Special: Schizophrenia
The challenges of researchers trying to separate the emergence of the early symptoms of schizophrenia from normal changes during adolescence are explored in a News Feature in this week's Nature.
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