| CORRESPONDENCE |
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Taxonomy: add a human touch too p788
Antonio G. Valdecasas and Quentin D. Wheeler
doi:10.1038/467788a
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Taxonomy: include social networking p788
Jonathan Silvertown
doi:10.1038/467788b
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Call to reshape university curricula p788
Yehuda Elkana, Manfred D. Laubichler and Adam S. Wilkins
doi:10.1038/467788c
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Science as a threat to far-right fringe p788
Richard Kool
doi:10.1038/467788d
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Alternative view of Serengeti road p788
Katherine Homewood, Daniel Brockington and Sian Sullivan
doi:10.1038/467788e
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International, not 'campus', please p789
Yuehong (Helen) Zhang
doi:10.1038/467789a
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Reward quality not quantity p789
Stan W. Trimble
doi:10.1038/467789b
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Basic science in Russia under threat p789
Yegor Vassetzky
doi:10.1038/467789c
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Better governance to save rainforests p789
William Laurance
doi:10.1038/467789d
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Left-handed DNA can be right p789
Albert Erives
doi:10.1038/467789e
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| OBITUARY |
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George C. Williams (1926–2010) p790
Incisive thinker who influenced a generation of evolutionary biologists.
Axel Meyer
doi:10.1038/467790a
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| NEWS & VIEWS |
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Solar system: Accidental investigation p792
Astronomers would be expected to recognize comets easily when they see them, not least because of the objects' bright tails. But when planetary accidents try to fool them, their job is no longer that simple. See Letters p.814 & p.817
David Nesvorný
doi:10.1038/467792a
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See also: Editor's summary | Letter by Snodgrass et al. | Letter by Jewitt et al.
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Immunology: Egocentric pre–T–cell receptors p793
The T-cell receptor on the surface of T cells requires antigen recognition to function. Structural studies reveal that its predecessor, the pre-T-cell receptor, is much more independent. See Letter p.844
Bernard Malissen and Hervé Luche
doi:10.1038/467793a
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See also: Editor's summary | Letter by Pang et al.
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Glaciology: Ice–sheet advance in Antarctica p794
Reliable forecasts of sea-level rise depend on accurately modelling the dynamics of polar ice sheets. A numerical framework that better reflects ice-sheet basal drag adds greater realism to such models.
Fabien Gillet-Chaulet and Gaël Durand
doi:10.1038/467794a
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50 & 100 years ago p795
doi:10.1038/467795a
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Cancer: Oncogenes in context p796
In certain types of gastrointestinal cell, mutations in the protein KIT give rise to gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Why are other cell types that express KIT not affected? The answer lies with a second protein. See Letter p.849
Michael C. Heinrich and Christopher L . Corless
doi:10.1038/467796a
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See also: Editor's summary | Letter by Chi et al.
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Atmospheric Chemistry: Phase matters for aerosols p797
Organic aerosol particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. In forests, such particles can occur in solid form — a finding that will lead to a re-evaluation of how they are formed, and their properties and effects. See Letter p.824
Paul J. Ziemann
doi:10.1038/467797a
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See also: Editor's summary | Letter by Virtanen et al.
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Sociology: Political evolution p798
Phylogenetic methods of evolutionary biology can be used to study socio-political variation mapped onto linguistic trees. The range of political complexities in Austronesian societies offers a good test case. See Article p.801
Jared Diamond
doi:10.1038/467798a
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See also: Editor's summary | Article by Currie et al.
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Correction p799
doi:10.1038/467799a
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| ARTICLES |
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Rise and fall of political complexity in island South-East Asia and the Pacific p801
Without high-quality data on how societies are related to each other, it is difficult to draw quantitative conclusions about the broad trends in history. These authors use a language-based phylogeny of Austronesian societies to test competing models of how complex societies rise and fall. They find that increases in complexity tend to be stepwise, whereas large decreases are possible.
Thomas E. Currie et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09461
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News & Views by Diamond
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The Ndc80 kinetochore complex forms oligomeric arrays along microtubules p805
The Ndc80 complex is a key component of kinetochore that mediates direct interaction with spindle microtubules. These authors present a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of Ndc80 bound to microtubules. They find that Ndc80 uses a novel microtubule recognition mode coupling tubulin binding to self-oligomerization of the complex, and present a mechanistic model for the formation of high-affinity kinetochore–microtubule attachments during cell division.
Gregory M. Alushin et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09423
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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| LETTERS |
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Gas accretion as the origin of chemical abundance gradients in distant galaxies p811
Galaxies in the early Universe might grow through the accretion of cold, primordial, low-metallicity gas. If such gas is funnelled to the centre of a galaxy, it will result in the central region having an overall lower metallicity than outer regions. These authors report such 'inverse' metallicity gradients in three rotationally supported, star-forming galaxies at redshift ~3, and conclude that the central gas has been diluted by the accretion of primordial gas.
G. Cresci et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09451
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See also: Editor's summary
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A collision in 2009 as the origin of the debris trail of asteroid P/2010 A2 p814
The peculiar object P/2010 A2, discovered in January 2010, is in an asteroidal orbit in the inner main asteroid belt and was given a cometary designation because of the presence of a trail of material. These authors report observations of P/2010 A2 by the Rosetta spacecraft. They conclude that the trail arose from a single event, an asteroid collision that occurred around 10 February 2009.
Colin Snodgrass et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09453
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See also: Editor's summary | News & Views by Nesvorný
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A recent disruption of the main-belt asteroid P/2010 A2 p817
Asteroidal disruption, through high-velocity collisions or rotational spin-up, is believed to be the primary mechanism for the production and destruction of small asteroids. These authors report observations of P/2010 A2 — a previously unknown inner-belt asteroid with a peculiar, comet-like morphology — that reveal an approximately 120-metre-diameter nucleus with an associated tail of millimetre-sized dust particles. They conclude that it is most probably the evolving remnant of a recent asteroidal disruption in February/March 2009.
David Jewitt et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09456
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News & Views by Nesvorný
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Laser cooling of a diatomic molecule p820
Laser cooling has not yet been extended to molecules because of their complex internal structure. At present, the only technique for producing ultracold molecules is to bind ultracold alkali atoms to produce bialkali molecules. These authors experimentally demonstrate laser cooling of the polar molecule strontium monofluoride, reaching temperatures of a few millikelvin or less. The technique should allow the production of molecules at microkelvin temperatures for species that are chemically distinct from bialkalis.
E. S. Shuman, J. F. Barry and D. DeMille
doi:10.1038/nature09443
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See also: Editor's summary
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An amorphous solid state of biogenic secondary organic aerosol particles p824
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles can scatter radiation and act as cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby influence the Earth's radiation balance. It is generally assumed that SOA particles are liquid, but these authors show that they can adopt an amorphous solid state under ambient conditions. The findings challenge traditional views of the kinetics and thermodynamics of SOA formation and transformation in the atmosphere.
Annele Virtanen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09455
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See also: Editor's summary | News & Views by Ziemann
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Seismic evidence of negligible water carried below 400-km depth in subducting lithosphere p828
These authors test whether patterns of seismicity and the stabilities of potentially relevant hydrous phases are consistent with a wet lithosphere. They show that there is nearly a one-to-one correlation between the dehydration of minerals and seismicity at depths less than ~250 km, but no correlation at greater depths. They conclude that subducting slabs must be essentially dry by 400-km depth and thus do not provide a pathway for significant amounts of water to enter the mantle transition zone or the lower mantle.
Harry W. Green II, Wang-Ping Chen and Michael R. Brudzinski
doi:10.1038/nature09401
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Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height p832
This very large genome-wide association study identifies hundreds of new genetic variants influencing adult height in at least 180 loci enriched for genes involved in skeletal growth defects. The results show that the likely causal gene is often located near the most strongly associated variant, that many loci have multiple independently associated variants and that associated variants are enriched for likely functional effects on genes.
Hana Lango Allen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09410
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xnd-1 regulates the global recombination landscape in Caenorhabditis elegans p839
To facilitate their proper segregation, duplicated meiotic chromosomes are physically joined by crossovers. Crossover formation begins with the introduction of meiosis-specific double-strand breaks. These authors identify a new gene in Caenorhabditis elegans, xnd-1, that is required for crossover distribution on both the X and the autosomal chromosomes. Preliminary data suggest that xnd-1 does this by regulating acetylation of histone H2A on lysine 5.
Cynthia R. Wagner, Lynnette Kuervers, David L. Baillie and Judith L. Yanowitz
doi:10.1038/nature09429
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The structural basis for autonomous dimerization of the pre-T-cell antigen receptor p844
The pre-T-cell antigen receptor mediates early T-cell development and differentiation. These authors report its structure and explain how the head-to-tail dimeric arrangement allows the interaction of the pre-Tα domain with any variable β domain, and provides the basis for ligand-independent signalling.
Siew Siew Pang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09448
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See also: Editor's summary | News & Views by Malissen Luche
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ETV1 is a lineage survival factor that cooperates with KIT in gastrointestinal stromal tumours p849
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are believed to arise in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). These authors show that the transcription factor ETV1 is required for ICC development and promotes the development of GIST. KIT, which is often activated by mutations in GIST, cooperates with ETV1 in the transformation of ICCs, in part by promoting ETV1 stabilization. Thus, a normal developmental lineage factor is switched into a tumour-promoting factor by a cooperating oncogene.
Ping Chi et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09409
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News & Views by Heinrich Corless
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Anthrax toxins cooperatively inhibit endocytic recycling by the Rab11/Sec15 exocyst p854
During infection, Bacillus anthracis secretes two potent toxins called lethal factor and oedema factor. Using Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, these authors show that these toxins interact with the Rab11/Sec15 exocyst, which is involved in endocytic recycling. This interaction may explain vascular leakage during infection.
Annabel Guichard et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09446
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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Non-muscle myosin IIA is a functional entry receptor for herpes simplex virus-1 p859
Entry of herpes simplex virus-1 into cells requires cellular receptors for both envelope glycoprotein B and envelope glycoprotein D. These authors show that the interaction of non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA with envelope glycoprotein B is important for entry of herpes simplex virus-1.
Jun Arii et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09420
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Pannexin 1 channels mediate ‘find-me’ signal release and membrane permeability during apoptosis p863
Apoptotic cells discharge ATP and UTP, which act as 'find-me' signals for phagocytes that in turn engulf dying cells before potentially harmful cellular contents are released. These authors show that the release of ATP and UTP is exclusively by means of the plasma membrane channel pannexin 1, which is opened specifically by caspase activity.
Faraaz B. Chekeni et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09413
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See also: Editor's summary
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The proteasome antechamber maintains substrates in an unfolded state p868
The proteasome is a multi-protein complex that enzymatically degrades proteins. Proteolysis occurs in a barrel-shaped 20S core particle comprising three interconnected cavities, including a pair of antechambers in which substrates are held before degradation. These authors demonstrate that substrates interact actively with the antechamber walls and that the environment in this compartment is optimized to maintain the substrates in unfolded states so as to be accessible for hydrolysis.
Amy M. Ruschak et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09444
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary
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| RETRACTION |
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Systemic signals regulate ageing and rejuvenation of blood stem cell niches p872
Shane R. Mayack, Jennifer L. Shadrach, Francis S. Kim and Amy J. Wagers
doi:10.1038/nature09474
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| NATUREJOBS |
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Feature
Publications: Publish like a pro p873
Prolific authors and journal editors share how to get manuscripts noticed, approved and put in print.
Kendall Powell
doi:10.1038/nj7317-873a
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Column
A search for stability p875
Embracing the unknowns of scientific research is easier when your job has certainty, says Claire Thompson.
Claire Thompson
doi:10.1038/nj7317-875a
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By the Numbers
Belgium p876
Biotechnology, space science and nanotechnology play key parts in Belgium's science agenda.
Katharine Sanderson
doi:10.1038/nj7317-876a
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Q&A
Elisabeth Monard p876
Belgium offers numerous opportunities for foreign researchers.
Katharine Sanderson
doi:10.1038/nj7317-876b
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| FUTURES |
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Super intelligence p878
A dream job.
Tony Stoklosa
doi:10.1038/467878a
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| ADVANCE ONLINE PUBLICATION |
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| 13 October 2010 |
Single-molecule analysis of Mss116-mediated group II intron folding
Krishanthi S. Karunatilaka, Amanda Solem, Anna Marie Pyle and David Rueda
doi:10.1038/nature09422
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Higher rates of sex evolve in spatially heterogeneous environments
Lutz Becks and Aneil F. Agrawal
doi:10.1038/nature09449
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Satellite phage TLCφ enables toxigenic conversion by CTX phage through dif site alteration
Faizule Hassan, M. Kamruzzaman, John J. Mekalanos and Shah M. Faruque
doi:10.1038/nature09469
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Pericytes are required for blood–brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis
Richard Daneman, Lu Zhou, Amanuel A. Kebede and Ben A. Barres
doi:10.1038/nature09513
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Pericytes regulate the blood–brain barrier
Annika Armulik et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09522
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| 10 October 2010 |
Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply
Martin Jung et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09396
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Video imaging of walking myosin V by high-speed atomic force microscopy
Noriyuki Kodera, Daisuke Yamamoto, Ryoki Ishikawa and Toshio Ando
doi:10.1038/nature09450
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
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