In this week's issue:
Research Summaries
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week papers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol334/issue6061/twis.dtl
Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol334/issue6061/twil.dtl
Editorial
Science Meets Farming in Africa
Calestous Juma
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1323
News of the Week
This Week's Section
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1328-a
Around the World
In science news around the world this week, the National Human Genome Research Institute announced its latest 4-year genome sequencing program, Europe is taking most of the cash needed for ITER from agricultural subsidies, the Library of Congress and NASA have created a new chair in astrobiology, and elements 114 and 116 have been named.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1328-b
Random Sample
Last week, GenBank posted the genetic sequence of GFAJ-1, a bacterium that appeared to incorporate arsenic in its DNA. Belgian researchers are building DogCam, a dual-camera system that can follow a dog's gaze. A radiologist has teamed with two violinmakers to build neo-Stradivarius violins based on computed tomography data fed into a computer-controlled wood mill. And this week's numbers quantify U.K. spending on research infrastructure and global carbon emissions in 2010.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1328-c
Newsmakers
This week's Newsmaker is Scottish microbiologist Anne Glover, who has been appointed the European Union's first chief science adviser.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1329-a
Findings
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol334/issue6061/findings.dtl
News & Analysis
Is €80 Billion on the Horizon for European Research?
Sara Reardon
A proposal to increase overall E.U. research funding from roughly €57 billion for the current 7-year period (2007-13) to €80 billion ($108 billion) for 2014 to 2020 was announced on 30 November.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1331
Robert-Jan Smits: On Tearing Down Silos, Horizon 2020's Chances, and Solving His 'Headache'
Daniel Clery
Last week, Science talked with one of the architects of the Horizon 2020 research program: the European Union's director-general for research, Robert-Jan Smits.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1332
Weed-Out Courses Hamper Diversity
Jeffrey Mervis
More than 400 chairs from the top-200 research universities and from minority-serving institutions have responded to a series of questions on their attitudes toward underrepresented minorities and women.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1333
First Solid Signs of the Higgs Boson Could Be Announced Next Week
Adrian Cho
Given the amount of data the Large Hadron Collider has produced in 2 years of running, some physicists say that-if it's there-the Higgs boson should begin to emerge from "background" particle collisions.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1334
Genes Confirm Europeans' Blow to Native Americans
Michael Balter
A study published this week concludes that about 500 years ago, the number of reproductively active Native American women quickly plunged by half, indicating a "widespread and severe" contraction in population size.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1335
Critics Question China's Indigenous Innovation Effort
Hao Xin
The Chinese press holds up the new Sunway BlueLight supercomputer as a success of China's indigenous innovation effort, but experts say the true story is more complex.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1336
Congress Asks NOAA to Consider Charging for Data
David Malakoff
Faced with soaring NOAA satellite costs and a bleak budget outlook, lawmakers last month ordered the agency to explore ways of charging users for its "specialized data products.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1337
News Focus
HALTING HIV/AIDS Epidemics
Jon Cohen
A slew of successes in clinical trials has elated the HIV prevention field, and models now suggest that combining them might virtually stop HIV's spread. But caveats abound.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1338
Tohoku Inundation Spurs Hunt for Ancient Tsunamis
Dennis Normile
Sand layers beneath Japan's Sendai Plain and other regions are evidence of massive tsunamis that struck eons ago and may augur future disaster risk.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1341
Did Tsunamis Influence Polynesian History?
Dennis Normile
The hunt for ancient tsunamis in the Pacific is turning up evidence of prehistoric catastrophes that may have changed the settlement patterns of prehistoric Polynesians.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1342
Saudi Universities Offer Cash in Exchange for Academic Prestige
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Two Saudi institutions are aggressively acquiring the affiliations of overseas scientists with an eye to gaining visibility in research journals.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1344
Letters
Rethinking Clinical Trials: Phase 1 Studies Insufficient
Michael Carome et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1346-a
Rethinking Clinical Trials: Change Is Coming
Norman A. Marcus
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1346-b
Rethinking Clinical Trials: Biology's Mysteries
David W. Borhani et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1346
Primitive Ladder-of-Life Thinking Has Evolved
U. Kutschera
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1347
Primitive Ladder-of-Life Thinking Has Evolved-Response
Jose Luis Acuña et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1347-b
Corrections and Clarifications
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1348
Books et al.
Siblings We Know and Love-Usually
Nancy L. Segal
Mingling recent research, interviews, and his own experiences, Kluger provides a wide-ranging survey of sibling relations and their effects.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1349
Greening the Neighborhood
Nicholas S. Wigginton
A U.S. Department of Energy competition spotlights promising technologies for energy-efficient houses.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1350-a
Books Received
A listing of books received at Science during the week ending 02 December 2011.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1350-b
Policy Forum
Entertainment Value: Should the Media Pay for Nature Conservation?
Paul Jepson et al.
Many films and TV shows profit by extracting value from nature without contributing their fair share to conservation funding.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1351
Perspectives
The Cost of Fear
Thomas E. Martin
Song sparrows produce fewer offspring when they perceive a higher predation risk, even in the absence of actual predation.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1353
Beleaguered Immunity
John M. McDowell
A regulator of plant immunity functions dynamically in different cell compartments and is targeted by pathogen virulence factors.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1354
Optimizing Perovskites for the Water-Splitting Reaction
Aleksandra Vojvodic et al.
The electron occupation of orbitals in transition metal oxides guided the identification of an efficient oxygen evolution catalyst based on Earth-abundant elements.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1355
Can Integration Tame Conflicts?
Lorenz Goette et al.
Integration efforts can increase cooperation between ethnic or religious groups if competition is avoided.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1356
Empathy and the Laws of Affect
Jaak Panksepp
Can animal models provide insights into human empathy and promote nurturance?
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1358
Complex Colloidal Assembly
Wolfgang J. Parak
A colloidal chemistry approach is used to fabricate complex three-dimensional objects on the nanometer scale.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1359
Using the Past to Predict the Future?
Gabriele C. Hegerl et al.
Reconstructions of climatic conditions on Earth during the Last Glacial Maximum may help to constrain the likely magnitude of global warming.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1360
Association Affairs
Passions
Alice S. Huang
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1362
Research Articles
Calibrating the End-Permian Mass Extinction
Shu-zhong Shen et al.
High-precision geochronologic dating constrains probable causes of Earth's largest mass extinction.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1367
Imaging of Plasmodium Liver Stages to Drive Next-Generation Antimalarial Drug Discovery
Stephan Meister et al.
Imidazolopiperazine compounds inhibit liver-stage malaria parasites with one oral dose in mice.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1372
Reports
Carving at the Nanoscale: Sequential Galvanic Exchange and Kirkendall Growth at Room Temperature
Edgar González et al.
Processes used in colloidal chemistry can be jointly exploited to make complex metal alloy nanoparticles.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1377
The Origin of OB Runaway Stars
Michiko S. Fujii et al.
Most of the unusually fast, young stars in our Galaxy are produced in three-body encounters within dense clusters of stars.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1380
A Perovskite Oxide Optimized for Oxygen Evolution Catalysis from Molecular Orbital Principles
Jin Suntivich et al.
An electronic property of metal oxides was used to guide development of a catalyst for prospective use in energy applications.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1383
Climate Sensitivity Estimated from Temperature Reconstructions of the Last Glacial Maximum
Andreas Schmittner et al.
Last Glacial Maximum temperature reconstructions and model simulations can constrain the equilibrium climate sensitivity.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1385
Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu, South Africa
Lyn Wadley et al.
Early humans constructed sleeping mats from local plants, including some with insecticidal properties.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1388
Context Modularity of Human Altruism
Marcus Alexander et al.
Ethnic integration enhances cooperative behavior and sanctioning of free-riders.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1392
Capacity Building Helps Pastoral Women Transform Impoverished Communities in Ethiopia
D. Layne Coppock et al.
Diversification of income-producing activities provides greater resilience to drought.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1394
Perceived Predation Risk Reduces the Number of Offspring Songbirds Produce per Year
Liana Y. Zanette et al.
Fear itself reduces reproductive success in song sparrows.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1398
Arabidopsis EDS1 Connects Pathogen Effector Recognition to Cell Compartment-Specific Immune Responses
Katharina Heidrich et al.
Coordination of different defense pathways across cell compartments produces a fully effective innate immune response.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1401
Pathogen Effectors Target Arabidopsis EDS1 and Alter Its Interactions with Immune Regulators
Saikat Bhattacharjee et al.
Coordination of different defense pathways across cell compartments produces a fully effective innate immune response.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1405
The Competitive Advantage of a Dual-Transporter System
Sagi Levy et al.
Low-affinity nutrient transporters sense depletion earlier than high-affinity transporters, thus preparing cells for starvation.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1408
Perceptual Learning Incepted by Decoded fMRI Neurofeedback Without Stimulus Presentation
Kazuhisa Shibata et al.
Even the adult primary visual cortex is sufficiently plastic to allow performance enhancement.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1413
Entorhinal Cortex Layer III Input to the Hippocampus Is Crucial for Temporal Association Memory
Junghyup Suh et al.
A specific neural circuit integrates temporally dispersed stimuli into a coherent memory episode.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1415
Interconversion Between Intestinal Stem Cell Populations in Distinct Niches
Norifumi Takeda et al.
Two niches with distinct characteristics work in tandem.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1420
Explaining Seasonal Fluctuations of Measles in Niger Using Nighttime Lights Imagery
N. Bharti et al.
Changes in human population density as measured by satellite images of nighttime lights predict measles.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1424
Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats
Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal et al.
Rats free companions from restraint, apparently motivated by empathy to end their mate's distress.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1427
Products & Materials
New Products
A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1432-a
Podcast
Science Podcast
The show includes detecting measles outbreaks with satellite imagery, decision-making in honeybee swarms, stepping up research funding in Europe, and more.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6061/1432-b
