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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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| Volume 463 Number 7280 pp401-578 |
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 About the cover
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In this issue
 Editorials
Research Highlights
Journal Club
News
News Features
Correspondence
Opinion
Books and Arts
News and Views
News and Views Q&A
Insight
Articles
Letters
Naturejobs
Futures
Also this week
 Authors
Editor's summary
 AOP
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 Roche − Nature Medicine
Translational Neuroscience Symposium 2010:
Novel Approaches to CNS Therapies and Diagnostics
April 20-21, 2010
Roche Forum Buonas AG
Switzerland
Attendance is by application only. The application deadline is March 9, 2010.
For more information and to apply visit: www.nature.com/natureconferences/tns2010 | |
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 Nature Insight Building a Cell
The living cell is a self-organizing, self-replicating machine of staggering complexity. The Reviews in the Insight entitled 'Building a Cell' covers a diverse range of topics and presents some of the most exciting research on the regulation of cellular organization and function.
Access selected content free online. | |
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| EDITORIALS |
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Learning to share p401
By opening up its database of potential malaria drugs, GlaxoSmithKline has blazed a path that other pharmaceutical companies should follow.
doi:10.1038/463401a
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Valid concerns p401
The reporting of candidate biomarkers for disease must be rigorous to drive translational research.
doi:10.1038/463401b
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False alarms p402
British scientists must adopt a positive tone if they hope to protect their gains in funding.
doi:10.1038/463402a
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| RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS |
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Genetics: Protein's billion-year history p404
doi:10.1038/463404a
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Material science: Speedy silk imprinting p404
doi:10.1038/463404b
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Biomaterials: Super snail shells p404
doi:10.1038/463404c
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Regenerative biology: New nerve cells connect p404
doi:10.1038/463404d
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Vascular biology: Hearty hormones p404
doi:10.1038/463404e
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Astronomy: Hot spectra p405
doi:10.1038/463405a
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Neurobiology: Prions at work p405
doi:10.1038/463405b
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Atmospheric science: Stronger storms p405
doi:10.1038/463405c
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Cancer biology: Weighted cancer risk p405
doi:10.1038/463405d
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| JOURNAL CLUB |
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Journal club p405
Jay Shendure
doi:10.1038/463405e
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| NEWS |
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News briefing: 28 January 2010 p406
The week in science
doi:10.1038/463406a
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Icy hunt for old air p408
Antarctic drilling project aims for a definitive record of climate.
Chaz Firestone
doi:10.1038/463408a
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Altered microbe makes biofuel p409
Bacterium could work directly on grass or crop waste.
Jeff Tollefson
doi:10.1038/463409a
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Debt crisis threatens UK science p410
As Britain's researchers face fierce budget cuts, Nature finds out how labs are preparing for hard times.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/463410a
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Stem-cell line given the nod p411
NIH moves to approve cells in limbo after rule change.
Brendan Borrell
doi:10.1038/463411a
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Lawsuit rekindles gene-patent debate p413
Criticism of exclusive licences puts university policies in the spotlight.
Brendan Borrell
doi:10.1038/463413a
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What will the next solar cycle bring? p414
Orbiting mission will probe the Sun's activity, including flares that can disrupt electricity grids.
Lizzie Buchen
doi:10.1038/463414a
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Aid fund faces cash crunch p415
Fight against tuberculosis, malaria and AIDS under threat from success.
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/463415a
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Correction p415
doi:10.1038/463415b
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| NEWS FEATURES |
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Literature mining: Speed reading p416
Scientists are struggling to make sense of the expanding scientific literature. Corie Lok asks whether computational tools can do the hard work for them.
doi:10.1038/463416a
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Planetary science: A whiff of mystery on Mars p420
The surprising discovery of methane in Mars's atmosphere could be a sign of life there. Researchers are now working out how to find its source, reports Katharine Sanderson.
doi:10.1038/463420a
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Translational research: Talking up translation p422
Alan Ashworth took a cancer drug from Petri dish to patients in near record speed. Daniel Cressey meets a biologist who is evangelical about translational research.
doi:10.1038/463422a
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| CORRESPONDENCE |
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Local priorities can be too parochial for biodiversity p424
Reed F. Noss
doi:10.1038/463424a
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Psychiatry: medicine benefits from cultural and personal insights p424
Ellen Rubinstein
doi:10.1038/463424b
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Psychiatry: Brazil debates dismantling all mental hospitals p424
Álvaro Machado Dias
doi:10.1038/463424c
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Mind the gap: future depends on sciences and humanities p425
Adrian D. Manning and Joern Fischer
doi:10.1038/463425a
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Mind the gap: social sciences can reveal community needs p425
Chris Morris
doi:10.1038/463425b
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Safeguarding the integrity of protein archive p425
Helen M. Berman et al.
doi:10.1038/463425c
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Science friction as fantasy irritates religious sensibilities p425
Denis Alexander
doi:10.1038/463425d
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| OPINION |
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Research on global sun block needed now p426
Geoengineering studies of solar-radiation management should begin urgently, argue David W. Keith, Edward Parson and M. Granger Morgan — before a rogue state decides to act alone.
David W. Keith, Edward Parson and M. Granger Morgan
doi:10.1038/463426a
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| BOOKS AND ARTS |
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On the shoulders of giants p429
A volume of essays celebrating 350 years of Britain's Royal Society highlights the continuing gulf between science and the public, says John Gribbin.
John Gribbin reviews Seeing Further: The Story of Science and the Royal Society Edited by Bill Bryson
doi:10.1038/463429a
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Brainy reads p430
Joanne Baker
doi:10.1038/463430b
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Deciphering the printed word p430
John Gabrieli reviews Reading in the Brain: The Science and Evolution of a Human Invention by Stanislas Dehaene
doi:10.1038/463430a
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Across the cultural divide p431
Richard Taylor reviews The Neural Imagination: Aesthetic and Neuroscientific Approaches to the Arts by Irving Massey
doi:10.1038/463431a
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Tricks of the stage p432
A restored imperial theatre in China reveals how Western techniques of visual perspective brought by the Jesuits were adopted by an eighteenth-century Chinese emperor, explains Martin Kemp.
Martin Kemp
doi:10.1038/463432a
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| NEWS AND VIEWS |
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Biomechanics: Barefoot running strikes back p433
Detailed analyses of foot kinematics and kinetics in barefoot and shod runners offer a refined understanding of bipedalism in human evolution. This research will also prompt fresh studies of running injuries.
William L. Jungers
doi:10.1038/463433a
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Immunology: The expanding TH2 universe p434
TH2 growth factors, which are involved in allergy and in defence against parasites, are produced by many different cell types, including a newly identified population found in fat-associated lymph clusters in the abdomen.
Warren Strober
doi:10.1038/463434a
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Organometallic chemistry: Carbon–carbon bonds get a break p435
As a rule of thumb, carbon–carbon bonds are not easily broken. But a tungsten complex has been found to break a particularly strong carbon–carbon bond, opening up fresh opportunities for organic synthesis.
Alan S. Goldman
doi:10.1038/463435a
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50 & 100 years ago p436
doi:10.1038/463436b
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Cell biology: Stability in times of stress p436
Damaged lysosomes, the principal degradative organelles, can kill a cell. A stress-induced protein controls lysosome stability, providing a potential target to treat lysosome-related diseases and cancer.
Ibolya Horváth and László Vígh
doi:10.1038/463436a
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Carbon cycle: Degrees of climate feedback p438
A probabilistic analysis of climate variation during the period AD 1050–1800 refines available estimates of the influence of temperature change on the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Hugues Goosse
doi:10.1038/463438a
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Fluid dynamics: Supersonic splash p439
Andrew Mitchinson
doi:10.1038/463439b
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Biophysics: Joint effort bends membrane p439
The curvature of cellular membranes is generated by proteins and lipids. A synthetic experimental system allows the interplay between protein- and lipid-generated bending mechanisms to be studied directly.
Michael M. Kozlov
doi:10.1038/463439a
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| NEWS AND VIEWS Q&A |
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Physics: Quantum computing p441
The race is on to build a computer that exploits quantum mechanics. Such a machine could solve problems in physics, mathematics and cryptography that were once thought intractable, revolutionizing information technology and illuminating the foundations of physics. But when?
Emanuel Knill
doi:10.1038/463441a
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Insight: Building a Cell
Building a Cell p445
Deepa Nath, Ritu Dhand and Angela K. Eggleston
doi:10.1038/463445a
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Towards building a chromosome segregation machine p446
Kerry Bloom and Ajit Joglekar
doi:10.1038/nature08912
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Expansion of the eukaryotic proteome by alternative splicing p457
Timothy W. Nilsen and Brenton R. Graveley
doi:10.1038/nature08909
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The endocytic matrix p464
Giorgio Scita and Pier Paolo Di Fiore
doi:10.1038/nature08910
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Chromatin remodelling during development p474
Lena Ho and Gerald R. Crabtree
doi:10.1038/nature08911
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Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton p485
Daniel A. Fletcher and R. Dyche Mullins
doi:10.1038/nature08908
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| ARTICLES |
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Systemic signals regulate ageing and rejuvenation of blood stem cell niches p495
Age-associated changes in stem cell supportive niche cells are shown to deregulate normal haematopoiesis by causing haematopoietic stem cell dysfunction. Age-dependent defects in niche cells are systemically regulated and can be reversed by exposure to a young circulation or by neutralization of the conserved longevity regulator, insulin-like growth factor-1, in the marrow microenvironment.
Shane R. Mayack, Jennifer L. Shadrach, Francis S. Kim and Amy J. Wagers
doi:10.1038/nature08749
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Targeting Bcr–Abl by combining allosteric with ATP-binding-site inhibitors p501
GNF-2 is a recently discovered, selective allosteric Bcr–Abl inhibitor. Solution NMR, X-ray crystallography, mutagenesis and hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry are now used to show that GNF-2 binds to the myristate-binding site of Abl, leading to changes in the structural dynamics of the ATP-binding site. The results show that the combination of allosteric and ATP-competitive inhibitors can overcome resistance to either agent alone.
Jianming Zhang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08675
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
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Structure of a bacterial homologue of vitamin K epoxide reductase p507
The γ-carboxylation of many blood coagulation factors relies on the generation of vitamin K hydroquinone by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR), of which the anticoagulant warfarin is an inhibitor. Here, the X-ray crystal structure of a bacterial homologue of VKOR is presented; the results have implications for the mechanism of action of mammalian VKOR and explain how mutations can cause warfarin resistance.
Weikai Li et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08720
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
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| LETTERS |
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A relativistic type Ibc supernova without a detected γ-ray burst p513
Long duration γ-ray bursts mark the explosive death of some massive stars and are a rare sub-class of type Ibc supernovae. To date, central-engine-driven supernovae have been discovered exclusively through their γ-ray emission, yet it is expected that a larger population goes undetected. The discovery of luminous radio emission from the seemingly ordinary type Ibc supernova SN 2009bb, which requires a substantial relativistic outflow powered by a central engine, is now reported.
A. M. Soderberg et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08714
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A mildly relativistic radio jet from the otherwise normal type Ic supernova 2007gr p516
Type Ic supernovae have drawn attention since 1998 owing to their sparse association with long duration γ-ray bursts (GRBs). Although the GRB central engine generates ultra-relativistic jets, no relativistic outflows have yet been found in type Ib/c supernovae explosions. Here, radio observations reveal a mildly relativistic expansion in a nearby type Ic supernova, SN 2007gr.
Z. Paragi et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08713
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Broken rotational symmetry in the pseudogap phase of a high-T c superconductor p519
In the study of high-transition-temperature (high-T c) copper oxide superconductors, a fundamental question is what symmetries are broken when the pseudogap phase sets in below a temperature T *. A large in-plane anisotropy of the Nernst effect is now observed in a high-T c copper oxide superconductor that sets in precisely at T * throughout the doping phase diagram. It is concluded that the pseudogap phase is an electronic state that strongly breaks four-fold rotational symmetry.
R. Daou et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08716
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Cleaving carbon–carbon bonds by inserting tungsten into unstrained aromatic rings p523
The transformation of petroleum-derived feedstocks into useful chemicals often requires controllable cleavage of C–H or C–C bonds. There are many examples of achieving this through the oxidative addition of C–H bonds to metal centres, but analogous transformations of C–C bonds are rare. Here, using a tungsten centre and exploiting the formation of an unusual chelating ligand, a strong C–C bond is cleaved; other metal centres with suitable ancillary ligands could perform the same function.
Aaron Sattler and Gerard Parkin
doi:10.1038/nature08730
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See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Goldman
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Ensemble reconstruction constraints on the global carbon cycle sensitivity to climate p527
Anthropogenic global warming is likely to be amplified by positive feedback from the global carbon cycle; however, the magnitude of the climate sensitivity of the global carbon cycle, and thus of its positive feedback strength, is under debate. By combining a probabilistic approach with an ensemble of proxy-based temperature reconstructions and pre-industrial CO2 data from three ice cores, this climate sensitivity is now shown to be much smaller than previously thought.
David C. Frank et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08769
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Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners p531
Although humans have engaged in long-distance running either barefoot or with minimal footwear for most of human evolutionary history, the modern running shoe was not invented until the 1970s. Here, runners who habitually run in sports shoes are shown to run differently to those who habitually run barefoot, with the latter often landing on the fore-foot rather than the rear-foot. This strike pattern may have evolved to protect from some of the impact-related injuries now experienced by runners.
Daniel E. Lieberman et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08723
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Chimpanzee and human Y chromosomes are remarkably divergent in structure and gene content p536
Little is known about the recent evolution of the Y chromosome because only the human Y chromosome has been fully sequenced. The sequencing of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) in the chimpanzee and comparison between the MSYs of the two species now reveals that they differ radically in sequence structure and gene content, indicating rapid evolution over the past 6 million years.
Jennifer F. Hughes et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08700
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Innate production of TH2 cytokines by adipose tissue-associated c-Kit+Sca-1+ lymphoid cells p540
Innate immune responses are important in the early phases of infection; for example, natural killer cells are innate lymphocytes that rapidly exhibit cytotoxic activities against virus-infected cells and produce various cytokines. Here, a new type of innate lymphocyte is found in a novel lymphoid structure associated with adipose tissues in the peritoneal cavity. These cells, termed FALC (fat-associated lymphoid cluster) cells, produce TH2 cytokines and support B1 cells.
Kazuyo Moro et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08636
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Interaction between RasV12 and scribbled clones induces tumour growth and invasion p545
In human tumours, complex cell interactions in the tumour and its microenvironment are thought to have an important role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. In a genetically well-defined model system in Drosophila, clones of cells bearing different mutations are now shown to cooperate to promote tumour growth and invasion. This interaction involves JNK signalling propagation and JNK-induced upregulation of JAK/STAT-activating cytokines.
Ming Wu, José Carlos Pastor-Pareja and Tian Xu
doi:10.1038/nature08702
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Hsp70 stabilizes lysosomes and reverts Niemann–Pick disease-associated lysosomal pathology p549
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a molecular chaperone which, by inhibiting lysosomal membrane permeabilization, promotes the survival of stressed cells. Hsp70 is now shown to stabilize lysosomes by binding to an anionic phospholipid, BMP, resulting in stimulation of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activity. Notably, the decreased ASM activity and lysosomal stability seen in patients with Niemann–Pick disease can be corrected by treatment with recombinant Hsp70.
Thomas Kirkegaard et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08710
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See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Horváth Vígh
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A role for the elongator complex in zygotic paternal genome demethylation p554
After fertilization in mammals, the maternal and paternal genomes undergo epigenetic reprogramming to prepare for the transition from germ cell to somatic cell transcription programs. One of the events that takes place is the demethylation of the paternal genome. To identify the factors involved in this process, a live cell imaging system is now used to monitor the paternal DNA methylation state in zygotes; Elp3, a component of the elongator complex, is found to have an important role.
Yuki Okada et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08732
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Microbial production of fatty-acid-derived fuels and chemicals from plant biomass p559
The increasing cost of energy and concerns about the environment have emphasized the need to find new sources of fuel, with the microbial production of high-energy fuels a promising approach. Here, Escherichia coli is engineered to produce more complex biofuels — fatty esters (biodiesel), fatty alcohols and waxes — directly from simple sugars. Some cells are further engineered to express hemicellulases, a step towards producing these compounds directly from hemicellulose.
Eric J. Steen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08721
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DNMT1 maintains progenitor function in self-renewing somatic tissue p563
Progenitor cells sustain the capacity of self-renewing tissues for proliferation while suppressing cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation. DNA methylation is one potential epigenetic mechanism for the cellular memory needed to preserve the somatic progenitor state through cell divisions. The DNA methyltransferase 1 and other regulators of DNA methylation are now shown to be essential for epidermal progenitor cell function.
George L. Sen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08683
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Self versus non-self discrimination during CRISPR RNA-directed immunity p568
Distinguishing self from non-self is a vital function for immune systems to repel invaders without inducing autoimmunity. One system, which protects bacteria and archaea from invasion by phage and plasmid DNA, involves clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci. Here, in Staphylococcus epidermidis, the mechanism of CRISPR self/non-self discrimination is defined.
Luciano A. Marraffini and Erik J. Sontheimer
doi:10.1038/nature08703
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| Naturejobs |
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News
Self-doubt plagues female astronomers p574
Study seeks insight into astronomers' career paths.
Karen Kaplan
doi:10.1038/nj7280-574a
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Careers Q&A
Richard Zare p574
Chemist Richard Zare is winner of the 2010 Priestley Medal and the 2009 Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring.
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7280-574b
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News
China's research rise p575
Number of domestic researchers draws level with Europe and the United States.
Gene Russo
doi:10.1038/nj7280-575a
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In Brief
From lab to laundry p575
University benefits should include housework help, study suggests.
doi:10.1038/nj7280-575b
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In Brief
Responsible work plans p575
Booklet offers tips to help animal researchers avoid action by activists.
doi:10.1038/nj7280-575c
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In Brief
India offers foreign grant p575
Bangalore institute uses fellowship to entice young international researchers.
doi:10.1038/nj7280-575d
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| FUTURES |
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Quinquereme of Nineveh p578
The perils of long-haul travel.
Chaz Brenchley
doi:10.1038/463578a
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| ADVANCE ONLINE PUBLICATION |
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| 22 January 2010 |
Genome-wide erasure of DNA methylation in mouse primordial germ cells is affected by AID deficiency near-final version
Christian Popp et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08829
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| 27 January 2010 |
Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of Cretaceous dinosaurs and birds
Fucheng Zhang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08740
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The cells and peripheral representation of sodium taste in mice
Jayaram Chandrashekar et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08783
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Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors
Thomas Vierbuchen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08797
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| 24 January 2010 |
Animal cryptochromes mediate magnetoreception by an unconventional photochemical mechanism
Robert J. Gegear, Lauren E. Foley, Amy Casselman and Steven M. Reppert
doi:10.1038/nature08719
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A bony connection signals laryngeal echolocation in bats
Nina Veselka et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08737
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Genes & Immunity
'Number 1 in Immunogenetics since 2001'
Editors: Grant Gallagher, HUMIGEN − The Institute for Genetic Immunology, NJ
Michael F Seldin, UC Davis School of Medicine, CA
Submit your next paper to Genes & Immunity
2008 Impact Factor 4.006*
*2008 Journal Citation Report (Thomson Reuters, 2009) | |
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