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Science, 16 September 2011 (Volume 333, Issue 6049) http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol333/issue6049/index.dtl?etoc Also online at Science:: Science Express -- selected papers published in advance of print Daily News -- daily postings from Science's award-winning news team Science Signaling -- online cell signaling journal and knowledge environment Science Careers -- job postings and career advice for scientists Science Translational Medicine -- integrating medicine and science

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University of Chicago Microbiologist Infected From Possible Lab Accident Is It Folly to Take Folic Acid? Did Flying Snails Cross Mexico? Fatherhood Decreases Testosterone

In this week's issue:

Research Summaries

This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week papers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol333/issue6049/twis.dtl

Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol333/issue6049/twil.dtl

Dueling Visions for Science
Rush Holt
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1549

This Week's Section

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1556-a

Around the World

In science news around the world this week, the Senate budget bill will keep DOE science level, a blast at a French nuclear waste facility killed one, a Dutch social psychologist has been fired over faked data, and a lab infection has rocked a Chinese university.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1556-b

Newsmakers

This week's Newsmakers are former NASA investigator Stewart Nozette, who admitted to attempted espionage; two scientists who discovered a cell "machine" involved in protein folding and a researcher who found a lifesaving malaria drug, who are this year's recipients of the Lasker Awards; a dozen cancer patients who are suing Duke University, alleging that they were enrolled in clinical trials based on faulty data; and an astrophysicist and an evolutionary biologist who are among the winners of this year's Balzan Prizes.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1556-c

Random Sample

A chemist has developed toteable life sensors for search-and-rescue teams. And this week's numbers quantify kilograms of carbon dioxide generated by a typical Google user per year and the decline in U.K. science funding.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1557-a

Findings
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol333/issue6049/findings.dtl

Patent Reform Shuffles Who Is First in Line
David Malakoff
President Barack Obama is expected to sign into law this week the first major overhaul of the U.S. patent system in nearly 60 years, marking the end of a 6-year legislative battle over how best to reduce bureaucratic delays and costly litigation.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1559

Novel Antibody Response May Explain HIV Vaccine Success
Jon Cohen
A new analysis of the only AIDS vaccine trial ever to report positive results suggests that a novel antibody response led to the modest level of efficacy seen in the study.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1560

Meeting Brings Attention But Little Action on Chronic Diseases
Sara Reardon
Some public health experts and advocates are finding their enthusiasm about an upcoming meeting of U.N. member states to discuss the growing pandemic of noncommunicable diseases a bit quashed.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1561

Mothering Beetles Suppress Microbes to Protect Food for Their Young
Elizabeth Pennisi
Burying beetles, which raise their young in animal corpses, preserve their offspring's food store by coating these "nurseries" with antibiotic secretions, researchers reported at the meeting.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1562-a

Tracing the Common Roots of Antibiotic Resistance
Elizabeth Pennisi
Bacteria can evolve in a repeatable manner, sometimes with the same mutations occurring over and over, researchers reported at the meeting.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1562-b

Epigenetics Linked to Inbreeding Depression
Elizabeth Pennisi
Evolutionary ecologists have reversed inbreeding depression in Scabiosa columbaria, a long-stemmed plant common in European gardens, by short-circuiting DNA methylation, a key epigenetic mechanism, in seeds, they reported at the meeting.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1563

Particle Physicists' New Extreme Teams
Adrian Cho
Life at the world's biggest atom smasher is an odd combination of selfless cooperation and intense competition.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1564

U.S. Physicists, a Long Way From Home
Adrian Cho
The United States has gone to great lengths to keep its scientists at the world's biggest atom smasher, the Large Hadron Collider, integrated. Nevertheless, many make personal sacrifices to be there.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1567

Pushing the Envelope in Neuroblastoma Therapy
Jennifer Couzin-Frankel
A study in children with few options is matching drugs to their tumors and creating mouse models for each patient. Whether the science is up to it is a matter for debate
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1569

Two-Year Colleges Are Jumping Into the U.S. Research Pool
Alison McCook
A growing number of community colleges hope to improve instruction and train a more diverse cadre of scientists by involving students in research.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1572

Trade-Secret Model: Privacy Rights
Jeffrey H. Matsuura
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1574-a

Trade-Secret Model: Potential Pitfalls
Carol J. Weil et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1574

Trade-Secret Model: Legal Limitations
Edward S. Dove et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1575

Trade-Secret Model: Legal Limitations-Response
Robert Mitchell et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1575

Corrections and Clarifications

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1576-a

Comment on "A Test of the Snowball Theory for the Rate of Evolution of Hybrid Incompatibilities"
Daniel A. Barbash
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1576

Response to Comment on "A Test of the Snowball Theory for the Rate of Evolution of Hybrid Incompatibilities"
Daniel R. Matute et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1576

Nexus of Science and Colonialism
Frederick Cooper
Tilley examines the roles of medicine, the environment, geography, race, and ethnography in British colonial Africa.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1577

Heads Up
Matthew J. Ravosa
Marshaling diverse evidence, Lieberman constructs a framework for understanding the form, function, and evolution of the human head.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1578

Books Received

A listing of books received at Science during the week ending 09 September 2011.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1578-b

Preventing the Next Fukushima
Matthew Bunn et al.
Weak authority and largely voluntary standards limit global institutions' impact on nuclear safety and security.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1580

Mechanically Throwing a Reaction into Reverse
Frank A. Leibfarth et al.
A traditionally irreversible reaction that led to very stable chemical bonds could be reversed by pulling the molecule apart in solution with mechanical forces.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1582

Pyrazinamide-Old TB Drug Finds New Target
Stewart T. Cole
A tuberculosis-specific drug validates a new target for broad-spectrum antibiotics.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1583

Refining Quantum Cryptography
Richard Hughes et al.
Recent hacking efforts on quantum cryptography systems have resulted in new approaches for more secure communication networks.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1584

Soil Nitrites Influence Atmospheric Chemistry
Markku Kulmala et al.
Soil nitrite is a source of nitrous acid emissions that contribute to hydroxyl radical production.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1586

Electrically Driven Insulation in the Central Nervous System
Alfonso Araque et al.
Electrically active axons drive local myelination.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1587

Converging on an HIV Vaccine
Bette Korber et al.
Molecular details of broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV provide insights into the immunological pathways that potentiate their natural generation.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1589

Fossilized Feathers
Mark A. Norell
The evolution of feather color, structure, and organization is gleaned from amber-preserved specimens.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1590

Compatibility with Killer Explains the Rise of RNAi-Deficient Fungi
Ines A. Drinnenberg et al.
Yeast can compensate for the loss of RNA interference by becoming killer yeast through the acquisition of a killer virus.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1592

Focused Evolution of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Revealed by Structures and Deep Sequencing
Xueling Wu et al.
Broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV with similar specificities can be found in multiple HIV-infected individuals.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1593

Kepler-16: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet
Laurance R. Doyle et al.
An exoplanet has been observed, comparable in size and mass to Saturn, that orbits a pair of stars.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1602

Unclicking the Click: Mechanically Facilitated 1,3-Dipolar Cycloreversions
Johnathan N. Brantley et al.
Application of ultrasound can cleanly reverse a widely used chemical coupling reaction.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1606

Primary Alcohols from Terminal Olefins: Formal Anti-Markovnikov Hydration via Triple Relay Catalysis
Guangbin Dong et al.
Three catalysts create alcohols by guiding water to attack carbon-carbon bonds in the opposite sense than it normally would.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1609

Selective Catalytic C-H Alkylation of Alkenes with Alcohols
Dong-Hwan Lee et al.
A ruthenium catalyst forms carbon-carbon bonds between olefins and alcohols while liberating only water as a by-product.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1613

Soil Nitrite as a Source of Atmospheric HONO and OH Radicals
Hang Su et al.
Biogenic nitrite in soils is an important source of atmospheric HONO and OH.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1616

A Diverse Assemblage of Late Cretaceous Dinosaur and Bird Feathers from Canadian Amber
Ryan C. McKellar et al.
Late Cretaceous amber entombs both dinosaur protofeathers and avian feathers of modern aspect.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1619

Trace Metals as Biomarkers for Eumelanin Pigment in the Fossil Record
R. A. Wogelius et al.
X-ray maps of fossil feather pigments reveal color patterning in extinct bird species.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1622

Faking Giants: The Evolution of High Prey Clearance Rates in Jellyfishes
Jose Luis Acuña et al.
Jellyfish process prey at the same rates as fish, suggesting that a shift to jellyfish-dominated systems is possible.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1627

Pyrazinamide Inhibits Trans-Translation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Wanliang Shi et al.
The target of a first-line tuberculosis drug that acts against persister bacteria is identified.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1630

Sequence and Structural Convergence of Broad and Potent HIV Antibodies That Mimic CD4 Binding
Johannes F. Scheid et al.
Anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies with similar specificities and modes of binding were found in multiple HIV-infected individuals.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1633

Yeast Rrn7 and Human TAF1B Are TFIIB-Related RNA Polymerase I General Transcription Factors
Bruce A. Knutson et al.
RNA polymerase I uses a transcription factor IIB-related protein for transcription, similar to the known requirement for polymerase II and III.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1637

TAF1B Is a TFIIB-Like Component of the Basal Transcription Machinery for RNA Polymerase I
Srivatsava Naidu et al.
RNA polymerase I uses a transcription factor IIB-related protein for transcription, similar to the known requirement for polymerase II and III.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1640

Role for the Membrane Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase-C in Attention Deficiency and Hyperactive Behavior
Rong Gong et al.
A receptor for gut hormones also functions in the brain, where its loss affects attention.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1642

Control of Local Protein Synthesis and Initial Events in Myelination by Action Potentials
Hiroaki Wake et al.
Axons signal through both glutamate and adenosine triphosphate release to regulate their insulating wraps.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1647

New Products

A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1652-a

Science Podcast

The show includes a planet orbiting two stars, the depths of Earth's carbon cycle, life at the world's largest particle accelerator, and more.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/333/6049/1652-b