[About the cover]

Science, 26 October 2012 (Volume 338, Issue 6106) http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol338/issue6106/index.dtl?etoc Also online at Science:: Science Express -- selected papers published in advance of print Daily News -- daily postings from Science's award-winning news team Science Signaling -- online cell signaling journal and knowledge environment Science Careers -- job postings and career advice for scientists Science Translational Medicine -- integrating medicine and science Recommend to Your Library

Science Podcast Listen to stories on the Twitter vote, our climbing ancestors, science and the next U.S. president, and more. Listen now. Science Video Portal Featuring contributions from our authors and the staff at Science.

Raw Food Not Enough to Feed Big Brains Identifying the Brain's Own Facial Recognition System Reassessing Antibodies as Treatment for HIV Infection Exchange of DNA Between Egg Cells May Help Prevent Mitochondrial Diseases

In this week's issue:

Research Summaries

This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week papers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol338/issue6106/twis.dtl

Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol338/issue6106/twil.dtl

Thriving on Common Ground
Bruce Alberts
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/443

This Week's Section

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/448-a

Around the World

In science news around the world this week, NOAA wants to limit public access to fisheries data to protect confidential business information, the U.N. Convention on Biological Diversity has struck its first deal on how to pay for its goals, a scientific panel called for a 10-year moratorium on field trials of genetically modified crops in India, questions swirl around what critics call a rogue geoengineering experiment in international waters off the coast of British Columbia, the European Space Agency has signed off on a new mission to study extrasolar planets orbiting nearby bright stars, and two French agencies have each concluded that a rodent study linking ingestion of genetically modified corn to tumors is inconclusive.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/448-b

Random Sample

The Russian scientists who drilled through 4000 meters of ice to reach Lake Vostok are going back this winter to sample it. New technology and exceptionally good observing conditions have yielded the sharpest views yet of Uranus. A cognitive scientist has used her research on fear to design the ultimate haunted house. And this week's numbers quantify the number of children who developed tuberculosis in 2011 and the percentage of open-access journal articles published in 2011.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/448-c

Findings
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol338/issue6106/findings.dtl

Prison Terms for L'Aquila Experts Shock Scientists
Edwin Cartlidge
A judge in the central Italian town of L'Aquila has handed down manslaughter sentences of 6 years to each of seven experts who gave advice ahead of the deadly earthquake that struck here in 2009.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/451

Questions About Japanese Researcher Go Back Years
Jennifer Couzin-Frankel et al.
A groundbreaking stem cell experiment by an unknown researcher with what has turned out to be a faked Harvard affiliation is raising questions about the research enterprise.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/452

When a Brain Scan Bears Bad News
Emily Underwood
Experts gathered last week to hash out new guidance on so-called incidental findings: MRI scans performed for research that turn up abnormalities that have nothing to do with the study.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/455

Congratulations! Now Get to Work

Regardless of his margin of victory, the president will need all the help he can get in dealing with several intractable problems.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/456

For Once, Science Is an Issue in Race for a Seat in Congress
Adrian Cho
A physicist takes on a longtime friend of science in a tight Illinois race in which research matters.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/463

Food Labeling Issue Tops State Ballot Questions
Meghna Sachdev
Scientists say California's Proposition 37 would send a misguided message to the public about genetically modified foods.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/464

Want to Tear Down Your Rival? Here's What Might Work Best
Eliot Marshall
A new study of negative political ads shows that timing and audience may be the keys to success.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/465

A Curiosity Moment for Tropical Biology?
Charles H. Cannon
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/467-a

The Real Costs of Research
Hunter R. Rawlings et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/467-b

Duty of Care: Protecting Researchers Abroad
Bennett Pafford et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/468

Corrections and Clarifications

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/469-a

Comment on "Conspecific Negative Density Dependence and Forest Diversity"
Ian A. Dickie et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/469-b

Response to Comment on "Conspecific Negative Density Dependence and Forest Diversity"
Daniel J. Johnson et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/469-c

Worries of a Genomic Futurist
Michael A. Goldman
Believing that we will eventually reengineer the human species, Mehlman considers the implications of doing so and some of the mistakes we may make.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/470

Roots of Origin
Stuart Firestein
Stott recounts the engaging stories of Darwin's intellectual forebears.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/471-a

Books Received

A listing of books received at Science during the week ending 19 October 2012.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/471-b

Social Media and the Elections
Panagiotis T. Metaxas et al.
Manipulation of social media affects perceptions of candidates and compromises decision-making.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/472

The Risks of Overfishing
Ellen K. Pikitch
Current global fisheries jeopardize not only individual species but also the overall integrity of marine ecosystems.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/474

The Mood of a Worm
Scott W. Emmons
The behavioral effects of two hormones on the human brain are similar to those of a neuropeptide on sensory neurons in the worm.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/475

Measuring Solar Magnetism
Alfred G. de Wijn
How do you go about accurately measuring the magnetic field in the solar atmosphere?
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/476

Did Australopiths Climb Trees?
Susan Larson
The shoulder bones of a juvenile australopith resemble those of extant apes, suggesting that tree climbing continued to be important for these bipedal early human ancestors.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/478

Lending Handedness to the Cyclopentadienyl Ligand
Honggen Wang et al.
Chemical and biochemical modifications of the Cp ligand have allowed for the stereoselective formation of organic reaction products.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/479

Fishing for Answers off Fukushima
Ken O. Buesseler
Radionuclide levels in fish off Fukushima are highly variable but remain elevated, indicating a continuing source of radiation.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/480

Decoding the Neuronal Tower of Babel
Chris J. McBain
Identification of a postsynaptic protein in the hippocampus reveals how neurotransmitter release from one neuron is tailored to different target cells.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/482

Can Intellectual Property Save Drug Development?
Garret A. FitzGerald
Continually refining the focus of intellectual property during the drug development process should encourage productive collaborations and expedite the availability of new therapies.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/483

Student-Directed Discovery of the Plant Microbiome and Its Products
Carol A. Bascom-Slack et al.
Endophyte Discovery, an IBI Prize-winning module, allows novice scientists to engage in meaningful discovery through inquiry-based research experiences.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/485

A Mutant Search-Caenorhabditis elegans and Gene Discovery
Candace C. LaRue et al.
Worm Mutants, an IBI Prize-winning module, offers Biology majors the opportunity to identify mutants and learn about genes that regulate biological functions.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/487

AAAS News and Notes

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/489

Glial Progenitor Cell-Based Treatment and Modeling of Neurological Disease
Steven A. Goldman et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/491

Detecting Causality in Complex Ecosystems
George Sugihara et al.
A new method, based on nonlinear state space reconstruction, can distinguish causality from correlation.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/496

Biotinylated Rh(III) Complexes in Engineered Streptavidin for Accelerated Asymmetric C-H Activation
Todd K. Hyster et al.
Modifying an achiral ligand to dock in a protein renders catalysis by its rhodium complex asymmetric.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/500

Chiral Cyclopentadienyl Ligands as Stereocontrolling Element in Asymmetric C-H Functionalization
Baihua Ye et al.
A ligand rarely applied to asymmetric catalysis has been chirally modified to furnish a highly selective rhodium catalyst.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/504

Fluorescence Enhancement at Docking Sites of DNA-Directed Self-Assembled Nanoantennas
G. P. Acuna et al.
A DNA origami structure enhances the emission of a dye molecule by directing the proximate binding of gold nanoparticles.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/506

Feathered Non-Avian Dinosaurs from North America Provide Insight into Wing Origins
Darla K. Zelenitsky et al.
Analysis of feathered theropod fossils from North America suggests that feathers may have first evolved for display.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/510

Australopithecus afarensis Scapular Ontogeny, Function, and the Role of Climbing in Human Evolution
David J. Green et al.
The shoulder of Australopithecus afarensis implies that, although bipedal, this early human was an active climber.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/514

Status and Solutions for the World's Unassessed Fisheries
Christopher Costello et al.
Poorly monitored, small-size fisheries are in decline, but few of them are near collapse.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/517

The APC/C Inhibitor XErp1/Emi2 Is Essential for Xenopus Early Embryonic Divisions
Thomas Tischer et al.
The protein XErp1 regulates cell cycle progression in frog embryos by inhibiting the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/520

Maturation-Dependent HIV-1 Surface Protein Redistribution Revealed by Fluorescence Nanoscopy
Jakub Chojnacki et al.
Rearrangements of the interior structural lattice cluster a surface glycoprotein as the virus preps for cell entry.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/524

In Vivo Architecture and Action of Bacterial Structural Maintenance of Chromosome Proteins
Anjana Badrinarayanan et al.
SMC proteins form a dimer of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-bound dimers, which translate ATP hydrolysis into mechanical DNA remodeling.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/528

Regulatory T Cells Increase the Avidity of Primary CD8⁺ T Cell Responses and Promote Memory
Luigia Pace et al.
Regulatory T cells enhance the avidity of T cells, thereby promoting responses to foreign antigens instead of self-antigens.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/532

Elfn1 Regulates Target-Specific Release Probability at CA1-Interneuron Synapses
Emily L. Sylwestrak et al.
A protein in a hippocampal postsynaptic neuron templates transmitter release kinetics in its presynaptic neuron.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/536

Oxytocin/Vasopressin-Related Peptides Have an Ancient Role in Reproductive Behavior
Jennifer L. Garrison et al.
Oxytocin/vasopressin-related peptides and their receptors coordinate male mating programs in Caenorhabditis elegans.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/540

Vasopressin/Oxytocin-Related Signaling Regulates Gustatory Associative Learning in C. elegans
Isabel Beets et al.
Nematode neuropeptides and their G protein-coupled receptors support behavioral responses to salt.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/543

New Products

A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/549-a

Science Podcast

The show includes the Twitter vote, our climbing ancestors, science and the next U.S. president, and more.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/549-b

LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES: Epigenomics: The New Technologies of Chromatin Analysis
Jeffrey M. Perkel
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/338/6106/546