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Science, 14 October 2011 (Volume 334, Issue 6053) http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol334/issue6053/index.dtl?etoc Also online at Science:: Science Express -- selected papers published in advance of print Daily News -- daily postings from Science's award-winning news team Science Signaling -- online cell signaling journal and knowledge environment Science Careers -- job postings and career advice for scientists Science Translational Medicine -- integrating medicine and science

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Monkeys Control Virtual Limbs With Their Minds Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Researcher Fired Amidst New Controversy Got War? Blame the Weather Ig Nobels Honor Bladder Control, Beer Bottle Mating

In this week's issue:

Research Summaries

This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week papers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol334/issue6053/twis.dtl

Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol334/issue6053/twil.dtl

Peruvian Highlands, Fume-Free
Pilar Nores Bodereau
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/157

This Week's Section

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/160-a

Around the World

In science news around the world this week, a task force has found that a prostate cancer test does more harm than good, the European Space Agency will launch two missions to study the sun and the mysterious dark energy that is speeding the universe's expansion, the U.K. has pledged £20 million to rid the world of guinea worm, the Indian government announced the creation of a research center to battle future food crises, a dictator's new try for a UNESCO award has been rebuffed, a North Korean university is hosting an international science conference, and a backup insecticide has shown promise against malaria.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/160-b

Random Sample

The Walters Art Museum's exhibit Lost and Found: The Secrets of Archimedes will display the results of a decade-long project to decipher the Archimedes Palimpsest from 16 October through 1 January 2012. And this week's numbers quantify awards made in a new program at the National Science Foundation and the "success rate" for reviewed research grant proposals at the National Institutes of Health.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/161-a

Findings
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol334/issue6053/findings.dtl

Panel Draws Ambitious Road Map for Gulf Restoration
David Malakoff
A presidential task force is calling for dramatically expanding efforts to restore battered Gulf of Mexico ecosystems-and using billions of dollars in fines resulting from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill to pay for them.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/163

Teasing Out Cause and Effect in Macroeconomics
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Christopher Sims and Thomas Sargent have won this year's Nobel Prize in economics for sorting out the tangles of cause and effect in the world of macroeconomics.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/164

Once-Ridiculed Discovery Redefined the Term Crystal
Daniel Clery
Daniel Shechtman's discovery that atoms in a solid can achieve fivefold symmetry by arranging themselves in a pattern that almost but never quite repeats-a "quasicrystal"-has netted this year's Nobel Prize in chemistry.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/165

HIV Study Renews Scrutiny of Hormonal Contraception
Jon Cohen
Some researchers worry that a recent study that found that hormonal contraceptive use increases HIV risk will overshadow the many complexities in the data that leave open critical questions about whether injected contraceptives truly pose an HIV risk.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/166

African Data Bolster New View of Modern Human Origins
Ann Gibbons
Two papers have independently suggested that early Homo sapiens interbred with now-extinct forms of humans in Africa, so that some living Africans carry genes from archaic people, just as all Europeans and Asians recently have been shown to do.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/167

Gut Bacteria Lend a Molecular Hand to Viruses
Elizabeth Pennisi
Two reports in this week's issue of Science describe viruses that co-opt components of the gut microflora to establish infection.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/168

Beyond the Data
Jeffrey Mervis
The latest attempt to clarify how NSF assesses grant proposals for possible impacts beyond the expected scientific results has not ended a long-running debate.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/169

The Community Weighs In on Broader Impacts

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/170

Vital Details of Global Warming Are Eluding Forecasters
Richard A. Kerr
Decision-makers need to know how to prepare for inevitable climate change, but climate researchers are still struggling to sharpen their fuzzy picture of what the future holds.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/173

Partial Retraction
Robert H. Silverman et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/176

Chemical Elements: What's in a Name?
J. P. Leal
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/176

Biosecurity and the Politics of Fear
Philip E. Hulme
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/176

Comment on "Changes in Climatic Water Balance Drive Downhill Shifts in Plant Species' Optimum Elevations"
Adam Wolf et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/177

Comment on "Changes in Climatic Water Balance Drive Downhill Shifts in Plant Species' Optimum Elevations"
Robert J. Hijmans
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/177

Comment on "Changes in Climatic Water Balance Drive Downhill Shifts in Plant Species' Optimum Elevations"
Nathan L. Stephenson et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/177

Response to Comments on "Changes in Climatic Water Balance Drive Downhill Shifts in Plant Species' Optimum Elevations"
Solomon Z. Dobrowski et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/177

Social Psychology and Social Change
Geoffrey L. Cohen
Weighing contributions of social psychology to understanding and remedying social problems, Wilson argues that the key to transforming people's lives lies in their learning to recast the stories they tell themselves.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/178

Browsings

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/179-a

Books Received

A listing of books received at Science during the week ending 07 October 2011.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/179-b

A Major Environmental Cause of Death
William J. Martin et al.
Exposure to indoor air pollution from household burning and solid fuels affects nearly half of the world's population.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/180

Keeping Bacteria at a Distance
Malin E.V. Johansson et al.
An antibacterial peptide is essential for restricting contact between the intestinal microbiota and host.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/182

Self-Assembly Enters the Design Era
Alex Travesset
A set of simple rules is used to design and control the self-assembly of nanoparticles into complex structures.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/183

The Costs of Breathing
Nick Lane
Selection for respiratory function has implications for organism fitness, fertility, and life span.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/184

SevERing Mitochondria
Angelika S. Rambold et al.
The endoplasmic reticulum is an active participant in the division of another organelle, the mitochondrion.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/186

Shining Light on Diabolic Points
Benjamin J. Whitaker
A direct probe of the electronic dynamics where excited states intersect has been achieved by using high-harmonic spectroscopy.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/187

Grass Trumps Trees with Fire
Audrey L. Mayer et al.
Feedbacks involving rainfall, fire, and vegetation govern transitions between forests, savannas, and grasslands.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/188

The Diets of Early Hominins
Peter S. Ungar et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/190

Replication-Dependent Loss of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Mouse Preimplantation Embryos
Azusa Inoue et al.
The oxidation product of methylated cytosine is passively lost from DNA in the zygote as cell division progresses.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/194

Synthesized Light Transients
A. Wirth et al.
Light spanning the near infrared to the ultraviolet has been confined in pulses shorter than a single optical cycle.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/195

Observation of Correlated Particle-Hole Pairs and String Order in Low-Dimensional Mott Insulators
M. Endres et al.
Parity correlations in a one-dimensional Bose gas in an optical lattice reveal a hidden "string order."
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/200

Nanoparticle Superlattice Engineering with DNA
Robert J. Macfarlane et al.
Design rules allow the synthesis of nanoparticle-DNA superlattices in nine different lattices.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/204

Conical Intersection Dynamics in NO₂ Probed by Homodyne High-Harmonic Spectroscopy
H. J. Wörner et al.
Coincident vibrational and electronic rearrangements in a photoexcited molecule are tracked in fine detail.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/208

Linear Alkane Polymerization on a Gold Surface
Dingyong Zhong et al.
The confining channel geometry of a gold surface induces selective end-to-end linking of hydrocarbon chains.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/213

Flash Heating Leads to Low Frictional Strength of Crustal Rocks at Earthquake Slip Rates
David L. Goldsby et al.
Extreme temperatures generated over short distances may weaken faults during earthquakes.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/216

A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa
Christopher S. Henshilwood et al.
Early humans mixed and stored ochre pigments in shells 100,000 years ago, an indication of the emergence of higher planning.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/219

The Dynamic Architecture of Hox Gene Clusters
Daan Noordermeer et al.
Sequential activation of Hox genes correlates with a transition of negative to positive three-dimensional chromosome structure.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/222

Early Gamma Oscillations Synchronize Developing Thalamus and Cortex
Marat Minlebaev et al.
Thalamic gamma rhythms help develop highly spatially and laminar-specific ascending cortical projections.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/226

The Global Extent and Determinants of Savanna and Forest as Alternative Biome States
A. Carla Staver et al.
Savanna and forest are alternative states governed by fire at intermediate rainfall levels.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/230

Global Resilience of Tropical Forest and Savanna to Critical Transitions
Marina Hirota et al.
Tree distributions across continents indicate three distinct stable states in tree cover―forest, savanna, and treeless.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/232

The Escherichia coli Replisome Is Inherently DNA Damage Tolerant
Joseph T. P. Yeeles et al.
The core DNA replication machinery of Escherichia coli has an inherent ability to squeeze past DNA damage on the leading strand.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/235

Sequential Establishment of Stripe Patterns in an Expanding Cell Population
Chenli Liu et al.
A synthetic circuit implementing density-controlled bacterial motility autonomously produces a tunable stripe pattern.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/238

NMR Detection of Structures in the HIV-1 5′-Leader RNA That Regulate Genome Packaging
Kun Lu et al.
An RNA structural switch regulates whether the HIV genome is translated or dimerized and packaged.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/242

Successful Transmission of a Retrovirus Depends on the Commensal Microbiota
Melissa Kane et al.
Commensal microflora promote the pathogenesis of mucosally acquired viruses.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/245

Intestinal Microbiota Promote Enteric Virus Replication and Systemic Pathogenesis
Sharon K. Kuss et al.
Commensal microflora promote the pathogenesis of mucosally acquired viruses.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/249

MED12, the Mediator Complex Subunit 12 Gene, Is Mutated at High Frequency in Uterine Leiomyomas
Netta Mäkinen et al.
Uterine fibroids frequently harbor mutations in a specific gene that has been implicated in transcriptional regulation.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/252

The Antibacterial Lectin RegIIIγ Promotes the Spatial Segregation of Microbiota and Host in the Intestine
Shipra Vaishnava et al.
Innate immune signaling and antimicrobial peptide activity maintain separation of the microbiota and intestinal epithelium.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/255

New Products

A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/259-a

Science Podcast

The show includes Middle Stone Age artisans, NSF's "broader impacts" criteria, carbon nanotube muscles, and more.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/334/6053/259-b